diff --git a/.github/workflows/check-build.yml b/.github/workflows/check-build.yml
index fd6e9c648..6faf7f3db 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/check-build.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/check-build.yml
@@ -108,8 +108,11 @@ jobs:
       - name: Setup GraalVM
         uses: graalvm/setup-graalvm@27b360dbb857524eaf0b4c4cef364d38e5b4f173 # v1.6.7
         with:
-          # Pinned to 21.0.8 due to unsafeAllocated enforcement in 21.0.10+. See #2416
-          java-version: "21.0.8"
+          java-version: "25"
+          # Pinned to the GraalVM 25.4.4.1.1 innovation release. GraalVM 25.0 LTS cannot read Java 25 class files
+          # for predefined classes (oracle/graal#12723). Move back to the LTS release once the fix is backported.
+          # See #2416
+          version: "25.4.4.1.1"
           distribution: "graalvm"
           cache: maven
       - id: graalvm-native-test
diff --git a/GraalVM.md b/GraalVM.md
index 28004714d..551619774 100644
--- a/GraalVM.md
+++ b/GraalVM.md
@@ -11,7 +11,8 @@
 This documentation provides guidance for adding GraalVM support for AWS Lambda Powertools Java modules and using the modules in Lambda functions.
 
 ## Prerequisites
-- GraalVM 21+ installation
+- GraalVM 25 installation. To run the native tests of modules that use Mockito, use a GraalVM 25 innovation release (see [Known Issues and Solutions](#known-issues-and-solutions)). The CI `graalvm-build` job in [check-build.yml](.github/workflows/check-build.yml) runs the native tests on Oracle GraalVM 25.4.4.1.1.
+- The `sam-graalvm` example Dockerfiles use the GraalVM for JDK 25 LTS release from `https://download.oracle.com/graalvm/25/latest/`. They only build native images of the example functions and do not run the native tests with the tracing agent, so the known issue does not affect them.
 - Maven 3.x
 
 ## General Implementation Steps
@@ -57,17 +58,21 @@ mvn -Pnative test
    - Subclass mock maker does not support testing static methods. Tests have therefore been modified to use [JUnit Pioneer](https://junit-pioneer.org/docs/environment-variables/) to inject the environment variables in the scope of the test's execution.
 
 2. **Unsafe Allocation Tracing**
-   - GraalVM 21.0.10+ requires `"unsafeAllocated": true` in `reflect-config.json` for classes instantiated via `Unsafe.allocateInstance()`. Mockito uses Objenesis which relies on this.
+   - GraalVM 21.0.10 and later, including GraalVM 25, require `"unsafeAllocated": true` in the reachability metadata for classes instantiated via `Unsafe.allocateInstance()`. Mockito uses Objenesis which relies on this.
    - The `enableExperimentalUnsafeAllocationTracing` option is enabled in the root `pluginManagement` agent configuration to address this.
 
-3. **Log4j Compatibility**
+3. **Predefined Classes on GraalVM 25.0**
+   - **Issue**: On GraalVM 25.0.x, native test image builds fail with `Unsupported class file major version 69` in `ClassPredefinitionFeature`. The tracing agent records the classes that Byte Buddy generates for Mockito mocks at runtime (`enableExperimentalPredefinedClasses`). On JDK 25, these classes use class file version 69, which the ASM version shaded in GraalVM 25.0 cannot read ([oracle/graal#12723](https://github.com/oracle/graal/issues/12723)).
+   - **Solution**: Use a GraalVM 25 innovation release (25.1 or later), which reads class files with the Java Class-File API. The CI `graalvm-build` job is pinned to GraalVM 25.4.4.1.1.
+
+4. **Log4j Compatibility**
    - Version 2.22.1 fails with this error
 ```
 java.lang.InternalError: com.oracle.svm.core.jdk.UnsupportedFeatureError: Defining hidden classes at runtime is not supported.
 ```
    - This has been [fixed](https://github.com/apache/logging-log4j2/discussions/2364#discussioncomment-8950077) in Log4j 2.24.x. PT has been updated to use this version of Log4j 
 
-4. **Test Class Organization**
+5. **Test Class Organization**
    - **Issue**: Anonymous inner classes and lambda expressions in Mockito matchers cause `NoSuchMethodError` in GraalVM native tests
    - **Solution**: 
      - Extract static inner test classes to separate concrete classes in the same package as the class under test
@@ -83,12 +88,12 @@ java.lang.InternalError: com.oracle.svm.core.jdk.UnsupportedFeatureError: Defini
    })
    ```
 
-5. **Package Visibility Issues**
+6. **Package Visibility Issues**
    - **Issue**: Test handler classes cannot access package-private methods when placed in subpackages
    - **Solution**: Place test handler classes in the same package as the class under test, not in subpackages like `handlers/`
    - **Example**: Use `software.amazon.lambda.powertools.cloudformation` instead of `software.amazon.lambda.powertools.cloudformation.handlers`
 
-6. **Test Stubs Best Practice**
+7. **Test Stubs Best Practice**
    - **Best Practice**: Avoid mocking where possible and use concrete test stubs provided by `powertools-common` package
    - **Solution**: Use `TestLambdaContext` and other test stubs from `powertools-common` test-jar instead of Mockito mocks
    - **Implementation**: Add `powertools-common` test-jar dependency and replace `mock(Context.class)` with `new TestLambdaContext()`
diff --git a/docs/FAQs.md b/docs/FAQs.md
index cea4b774f..338620d61 100644
--- a/docs/FAQs.md
+++ b/docs/FAQs.md
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ Use the `native-maven-plugin` to build the native image. You can do this by addi
                 <plugin>
                     <groupId>org.graalvm.buildtools</groupId>
                     <artifactId>native-maven-plugin</artifactId>
-                    <version>0.10.1</version>
+                    <version>1.1.14</version>
                     <extensions>true</extensions>
                     <executions>
                         <execution>
diff --git a/examples/powertools-examples-cloudformation/infra/sam-graalvm/Dockerfile b/examples/powertools-examples-cloudformation/infra/sam-graalvm/Dockerfile
index dac9390e5..b3e9cfa97 100644
--- a/examples/powertools-examples-cloudformation/infra/sam-graalvm/Dockerfile
+++ b/examples/powertools-examples-cloudformation/infra/sam-graalvm/Dockerfile
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-# Use the official AWS SAM base image for Java 21
-FROM public.ecr.aws/sam/build-java21@sha256:a5554d68374e19450c6c88448516ac95a9acedc779f318040f5c230134b4e461
+# Use the official AWS SAM base image for Java 25
+FROM public.ecr.aws/sam/build-java25@sha256:35c398d9eaadd173262573be05ba7e1c3eda552a5bd320659b7b1442632b47df
 
 # Install GraalVM dependencies
-RUN curl -4 -L curl https://download.oracle.com/graalvm/21/latest/graalvm-jdk-21_linux-x64_bin.tar.gz | tar -xvz
-RUN mv graalvm-jdk-21.* /usr/lib/graalvm
+RUN curl -4 -L https://download.oracle.com/graalvm/25/latest/graalvm-jdk-25_linux-x64_bin.tar.gz | tar -xvz
+RUN mv graalvm-jdk-25.* /usr/lib/graalvm
 
 # Make native image and mvn available on CLI
 RUN ln -s /usr/lib/graalvm/bin/native-image /usr/bin/native-image
diff --git a/examples/powertools-examples-cloudformation/pom.xml b/examples/powertools-examples-cloudformation/pom.xml
index 3d7055331..4037bcbcd 100644
--- a/examples/powertools-examples-cloudformation/pom.xml
+++ b/examples/powertools-examples-cloudformation/pom.xml
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@
                     <plugin>
                         <groupId>org.graalvm.buildtools</groupId>
                         <artifactId>native-maven-plugin</artifactId>
-                        <version>0.11.5</version>
+                        <version>1.1.14</version>
                         <extensions>true</extensions>
                         <executions>
                             <execution>
diff --git a/examples/powertools-examples-core-utilities/sam-graalvm/Dockerfile b/examples/powertools-examples-core-utilities/sam-graalvm/Dockerfile
index 8377d6dc7..ddd5139a9 100644
--- a/examples/powertools-examples-core-utilities/sam-graalvm/Dockerfile
+++ b/examples/powertools-examples-core-utilities/sam-graalvm/Dockerfile
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-#Use the official AWS SAM base image for Java 21
-FROM public.ecr.aws/sam/build-java21@sha256:a5554d68374e19450c6c88448516ac95a9acedc779f318040f5c230134b4e461
+#Use the official AWS SAM base image for Java 25
+FROM public.ecr.aws/sam/build-java25@sha256:35c398d9eaadd173262573be05ba7e1c3eda552a5bd320659b7b1442632b47df
 
 #Install GraalVM dependencies
-RUN curl -4 -L curl https://download.oracle.com/graalvm/21/latest/graalvm-jdk-21_linux-x64_bin.tar.gz | tar -xvz
-RUN mv graalvm-jdk-21.* /usr/lib/graalvm
+RUN curl -4 -L https://download.oracle.com/graalvm/25/latest/graalvm-jdk-25_linux-x64_bin.tar.gz | tar -xvz
+RUN mv graalvm-jdk-25.* /usr/lib/graalvm
 
 #Make native image and mvn available on CLI
 RUN ln -s /usr/lib/graalvm/bin/native-image /usr/bin/native-image
diff --git a/examples/powertools-examples-core-utilities/sam-graalvm/pom.xml b/examples/powertools-examples-core-utilities/sam-graalvm/pom.xml
index 42234b2d6..7ba8f1a41 100644
--- a/examples/powertools-examples-core-utilities/sam-graalvm/pom.xml
+++ b/examples/powertools-examples-core-utilities/sam-graalvm/pom.xml
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@
                     <plugin>
                         <groupId>org.graalvm.buildtools</groupId>
                         <artifactId>native-maven-plugin</artifactId>
-                        <version>0.11.5</version>
+                        <version>1.1.14</version>
                         <extensions>true</extensions>
                         <executions>
                             <execution>
diff --git a/examples/powertools-examples-idempotency/sam-graalvm/Dockerfile b/examples/powertools-examples-idempotency/sam-graalvm/Dockerfile
index dac9390e5..b3e9cfa97 100644
--- a/examples/powertools-examples-idempotency/sam-graalvm/Dockerfile
+++ b/examples/powertools-examples-idempotency/sam-graalvm/Dockerfile
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-# Use the official AWS SAM base image for Java 21
-FROM public.ecr.aws/sam/build-java21@sha256:a5554d68374e19450c6c88448516ac95a9acedc779f318040f5c230134b4e461
+# Use the official AWS SAM base image for Java 25
+FROM public.ecr.aws/sam/build-java25@sha256:35c398d9eaadd173262573be05ba7e1c3eda552a5bd320659b7b1442632b47df
 
 # Install GraalVM dependencies
-RUN curl -4 -L curl https://download.oracle.com/graalvm/21/latest/graalvm-jdk-21_linux-x64_bin.tar.gz | tar -xvz
-RUN mv graalvm-jdk-21.* /usr/lib/graalvm
+RUN curl -4 -L https://download.oracle.com/graalvm/25/latest/graalvm-jdk-25_linux-x64_bin.tar.gz | tar -xvz
+RUN mv graalvm-jdk-25.* /usr/lib/graalvm
 
 # Make native image and mvn available on CLI
 RUN ln -s /usr/lib/graalvm/bin/native-image /usr/bin/native-image
diff --git a/examples/powertools-examples-idempotency/sam-graalvm/pom.xml b/examples/powertools-examples-idempotency/sam-graalvm/pom.xml
index 2c2ac5e3b..1ba04a41a 100644
--- a/examples/powertools-examples-idempotency/sam-graalvm/pom.xml
+++ b/examples/powertools-examples-idempotency/sam-graalvm/pom.xml
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@
                     <plugin>
                         <groupId>org.graalvm.buildtools</groupId>
                         <artifactId>native-maven-plugin</artifactId>
-                        <version>0.11.5</version>
+                        <version>1.1.14</version>
                         <extensions>true</extensions>
                         <executions>
                             <execution>
diff --git a/examples/powertools-examples-parameters/sam-graalvm/Dockerfile b/examples/powertools-examples-parameters/sam-graalvm/Dockerfile
index 8377d6dc7..ddd5139a9 100644
--- a/examples/powertools-examples-parameters/sam-graalvm/Dockerfile
+++ b/examples/powertools-examples-parameters/sam-graalvm/Dockerfile
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-#Use the official AWS SAM base image for Java 21
-FROM public.ecr.aws/sam/build-java21@sha256:a5554d68374e19450c6c88448516ac95a9acedc779f318040f5c230134b4e461
+#Use the official AWS SAM base image for Java 25
+FROM public.ecr.aws/sam/build-java25@sha256:35c398d9eaadd173262573be05ba7e1c3eda552a5bd320659b7b1442632b47df
 
 #Install GraalVM dependencies
-RUN curl -4 -L curl https://download.oracle.com/graalvm/21/latest/graalvm-jdk-21_linux-x64_bin.tar.gz | tar -xvz
-RUN mv graalvm-jdk-21.* /usr/lib/graalvm
+RUN curl -4 -L https://download.oracle.com/graalvm/25/latest/graalvm-jdk-25_linux-x64_bin.tar.gz | tar -xvz
+RUN mv graalvm-jdk-25.* /usr/lib/graalvm
 
 #Make native image and mvn available on CLI
 RUN ln -s /usr/lib/graalvm/bin/native-image /usr/bin/native-image
diff --git a/examples/powertools-examples-parameters/sam-graalvm/pom.xml b/examples/powertools-examples-parameters/sam-graalvm/pom.xml
index 7ad9a80bf..6db830c09 100644
--- a/examples/powertools-examples-parameters/sam-graalvm/pom.xml
+++ b/examples/powertools-examples-parameters/sam-graalvm/pom.xml
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@
                     <plugin>
                         <groupId>org.graalvm.buildtools</groupId>
                         <artifactId>native-maven-plugin</artifactId>
-                        <version>0.11.5</version>
+                        <version>1.1.14</version>
                         <extensions>true</extensions>
                         <executions>
                             <execution>
diff --git a/examples/powertools-examples-serialization/sam-graalvm/Dockerfile b/examples/powertools-examples-serialization/sam-graalvm/Dockerfile
index 8377d6dc7..ddd5139a9 100644
--- a/examples/powertools-examples-serialization/sam-graalvm/Dockerfile
+++ b/examples/powertools-examples-serialization/sam-graalvm/Dockerfile
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-#Use the official AWS SAM base image for Java 21
-FROM public.ecr.aws/sam/build-java21@sha256:a5554d68374e19450c6c88448516ac95a9acedc779f318040f5c230134b4e461
+#Use the official AWS SAM base image for Java 25
+FROM public.ecr.aws/sam/build-java25@sha256:35c398d9eaadd173262573be05ba7e1c3eda552a5bd320659b7b1442632b47df
 
 #Install GraalVM dependencies
-RUN curl -4 -L curl https://download.oracle.com/graalvm/21/latest/graalvm-jdk-21_linux-x64_bin.tar.gz | tar -xvz
-RUN mv graalvm-jdk-21.* /usr/lib/graalvm
+RUN curl -4 -L https://download.oracle.com/graalvm/25/latest/graalvm-jdk-25_linux-x64_bin.tar.gz | tar -xvz
+RUN mv graalvm-jdk-25.* /usr/lib/graalvm
 
 #Make native image and mvn available on CLI
 RUN ln -s /usr/lib/graalvm/bin/native-image /usr/bin/native-image
diff --git a/examples/powertools-examples-serialization/sam-graalvm/pom.xml b/examples/powertools-examples-serialization/sam-graalvm/pom.xml
index f6264754a..8a0521126 100644
--- a/examples/powertools-examples-serialization/sam-graalvm/pom.xml
+++ b/examples/powertools-examples-serialization/sam-graalvm/pom.xml
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@
                     <plugin>
                         <groupId>org.graalvm.buildtools</groupId>
                         <artifactId>native-maven-plugin</artifactId>
-                        <version>0.11.5</version>
+                        <version>1.1.14</version>
                         <extensions>true</extensions>
                         <executions>
                             <execution>
diff --git a/pom.xml b/pom.xml
index 5b3d31fd2..56a6af29c 100644
--- a/pom.xml
+++ b/pom.xml
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@
         <mockito-junit-jupiter.version>5.23.0</mockito-junit-jupiter.version>
         <junit-pioneer.version>2.3.0</junit-pioneer.version>
         <crac.version>1.5.0</crac.version>
-        <native-maven-plugin.version>0.11.5</native-maven-plugin.version>
+        <native-maven-plugin.version>1.1.14</native-maven-plugin.version>
 
         <!-- As we have a .mvn directory at the root of the project, this will evaluate to the root directory
             regardless of where maven is run - sub-module, or root. -->
@@ -502,6 +502,14 @@
                             <buildArg>--native-image-info</buildArg>
                             <buildArg>-H:+UnlockExperimentalVMOptions</buildArg>
                             <buildArg>-H:+ReportExceptionStackTraces</buildArg>
+                            <!--
+                                Byte Buddy loads the Mockito mock classes with Class.forName on its own class loader.
+                                Since GraalVM 25.1, Class.forName ignores the class loader by default, so the
+                                predefined mock classes are never defined. This option restores the class loader
+                                delegation. It is equivalent to the class-for-name-respects-class-loader future default,
+                                which GraalVM 25.0 does not support.
+                            -->
+                            <buildArg>-H:+ClassForNameRespectsClassLoader</buildArg>
                         </buildArgs>
                     </configuration>
                 </plugin>
@@ -690,45 +698,24 @@
                 </plugins>
             </build>
         </profile>
-        <!--
-            On GraalVM for JDK 21 and earlier, the junit-platform-native feature initializes a hardcoded list of
-            JUnit classes at build time. native-maven-plugin 0.11.5 does not list the following JUnit 6 classes,
-            which breaks native test image builds. Newer native-build-tools releases include them
-            (graalvm/native-build-tools#794). Remove this profile after modernizing the GraalVM native-image test
-            infrastructure and upgrading native-maven-plugin to 1.x:
-            - https://github.com/aws-powertools/powertools-lambda-java/issues/2416
-            - https://github.com/aws-powertools/powertools-lambda-java/pull/2661
-        -->
-        <profile>
-            <id>native-junit6-jdk21</id>
-            <activation>
-                <jdk>(,22)</jdk>
-            </activation>
-            <build>
-                <pluginManagement>
-                    <plugins>
-                        <plugin>
-                            <groupId>org.graalvm.buildtools</groupId>
-                            <artifactId>native-maven-plugin</artifactId>
-                            <configuration>
-                                <buildArgs combine.children="append">
-                                    <buildArg>--initialize-at-build-time=org.junit.jupiter.engine.discovery.MethodSegmentResolver,org.junit.platform.launcher.core.DiscoveryIssueReportingDiscoveryListener</buildArg>
-                                </buildArgs>
-                            </configuration>
-                        </plugin>
-                    </plugins>
-                </pluginManagement>
-            </build>
-        </profile>
         <!--
             The native profile configures surefire to pass add-opens flags via JDK_JAVA_OPTIONS.
-            This is necessary because the native-maven-plugin's NativeExtension overwrites surefire's
-            argLine when -Dagent=true is set (it adds its own argLine element for the tracing agent),
-            which causes the add-opens flags from the jdk16 profile to be lost.
-            JDK_JAVA_OPTIONS is picked up by the JVM automatically, bypassing the argLine override.
+            When -Dagent=true is set, the native-maven-plugin's NativeExtension appends the tracing agent to the
+            existing surefire argLine, so the add-opens flags from the jdk16 profile are kept. native-maven-plugin
+            0.11.x replaced the argLine instead and dropped them. JDK_JAVA_OPTIONS is no longer required with 1.x,
+            but it is kept as a safeguard: the JVM picks it up automatically, so the tests get the add-opens flags
+            regardless of how the argLine is built.
+
+            The native profile also skips JaCoCo. Because the tracing agent is appended to the existing argLine,
+            the JaCoCo agent would instrument classes that Byte Buddy defines at runtime before the tracing agent
+            records them as predefined classes. The native test image then rejects the uninstrumented classes at
+            runtime because their hash does not match.
         -->
         <profile>
             <id>native</id>
+            <properties>
+                <jacoco.skip>true</jacoco.skip>
+            </properties>
             <build>
                 <plugins>
                     <plugin>
diff --git a/powertools-common/src/main/java/software/amazon/lambda/powertools/common/internal/ClassPreLoader.java b/powertools-common/src/main/java/software/amazon/lambda/powertools/common/internal/ClassPreLoader.java
index 77318722c..faadc94a6 100644
--- a/powertools-common/src/main/java/software/amazon/lambda/powertools/common/internal/ClassPreLoader.java
+++ b/powertools-common/src/main/java/software/amazon/lambda/powertools/common/internal/ClassPreLoader.java
@@ -96,6 +96,11 @@ private static boolean loadClassIfFound(String className) {
         } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
             // No action is required if the class with given name cannot be found
             return false;
+        } catch (LinkageError e) {
+            // A class can fail to link or initialize in the current runtime, e.g. a JDK class that needs a native
+            // library that is not available in a GraalVM native image. Skip it and continue with the next class.
+            LOG.debug("SnapStart priming: failed to preload class {}", className, e);
+            return false;
         }
     }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/powertools-common/src/test/java/software/amazon/lambda/powertools/common/internal/ClassPreLoaderTest.java b/powertools-common/src/test/java/software/amazon/lambda/powertools/common/internal/ClassPreLoaderTest.java
index fb1359434..d6998e19b 100644
--- a/powertools-common/src/test/java/software/amazon/lambda/powertools/common/internal/ClassPreLoaderTest.java
+++ b/powertools-common/src/test/java/software/amazon/lambda/powertools/common/internal/ClassPreLoaderTest.java
@@ -34,6 +34,19 @@ static class LeadingSpaceDummyClass {
         }
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Dummy class whose static initializer fails. The class name is referenced before {@link DummyClass} in
+     * <i>powertools-common/src/test/resources/classesloaded.txt</i>.
+     * This class is used to verify that the ClassPreLoader continues after a class fails to initialize.
+     */
+    static class FailingInitializerDummyClass {
+        static final Object VALUE = fail();
+
+        private static Object fail() {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Failing static initializer");
+        }
+    }
+
     @Test
     void preloadClasses_shouldIgnoreInvalidClassesAndLoadValidClasses() {
 
@@ -43,6 +56,8 @@ void preloadClasses_shouldIgnoreInvalidClassesAndLoadValidClasses() {
         // preloadClasses once and asserts on all classes listed in classesloaded.txt together.
         // powertools-common/src/test/resources/classesloaded.txt has a class that does not exist.
         // Verify that the missing class did not throw any exception
+        // It also has a class whose static initializer fails. Verify that the ExceptionInInitializerError
+        // did not stop the preloading of the following classes
         assertDoesNotThrow(ClassPreLoader::preloadClasses);
 
         // When the classloaded.txt is a mixed bag of valid and invalid classes, valid classes must load
diff --git a/powertools-common/src/test/resources/classesloaded.txt b/powertools-common/src/test/resources/classesloaded.txt
index a6cda309e..04dee49e5 100644
--- a/powertools-common/src/test/resources/classesloaded.txt
+++ b/powertools-common/src/test/resources/classesloaded.txt
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 software.amazon.lambda.powertools.common.internal.NonExistingClass
+software.amazon.lambda.powertools.common.internal.ClassPreLoaderTest$FailingInitializerDummyClass
 software.amazon.lambda.powertools.common.internal.ClassPreLoaderTest$DummyClass
  software.amazon.lambda.powertools.common.internal.ClassPreLoaderTest$LeadingSpaceDummyClass
diff --git a/powertools-e2e-tests/handlers/pom.xml b/powertools-e2e-tests/handlers/pom.xml
index 017f798c2..5014e3855 100644
--- a/powertools-e2e-tests/handlers/pom.xml
+++ b/powertools-e2e-tests/handlers/pom.xml
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@
                 <plugin>
                     <groupId>org.graalvm.buildtools</groupId>
                     <artifactId>native-maven-plugin</artifactId>
-                    <version>0.11.5</version>
+                    <version>1.1.14</version>
                     <extensions>true</extensions>
                     <executions>
                         <execution>