diff --git a/.changeset/strfry-packed-events.md b/.changeset/strfry-packed-events.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9bb80ade0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.changeset/strfry-packed-events.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+"nostream": minor
+---
+
+feat(strfry): decode packed event records and verify them against strfry exports
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 9648fc276..78facac11 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ dist
 docker-compose.overrides.yml
 # Export output
 *.jsonl
+!test/unit/data/*.jsonl
 
 # Code coverage report output
 coverage-report/
diff --git a/.knip.json b/.knip.json
index 4151e7b65..c5928f077 100644
--- a/.knip.json
+++ b/.knip.json
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
     "src/import-events.ts!",
     "src/cli/index.ts!",
     "src/scripts/benchmark-queries.ts!",
+    "src/scripts/verify-strfry-export.ts!",
     "knexfile.js!"
   ],
   "project": [
diff --git a/CONFIGURATION.md b/CONFIGURATION.md
index 0cdd83603..f5dfc18a2 100644
--- a/CONFIGURATION.md
+++ b/CONFIGURATION.md
@@ -119,6 +119,17 @@ pnpm db:verify-index-impact
 
 The hot-path index migration (`20260420_120000_add_hot_path_indexes.js`) uses `CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY`, so it can be applied to a running relay without taking `ACCESS EXCLUSIVE` locks on the `events` or `invoices` tables.
 
+## Checking strfry's storage format
+
+`pnpm strfry:verify-export` checks that nostream reads strfry's packed event records the way strfry writes them. Export with strfry's `--fried` flag, which adds each event's packed record to the dump, and run the check on it:
+
+```sh
+strfry export --fried > export.jsonl
+pnpm strfry:verify-export export.jsonl
+```
+
+Every event's packed record must match the one nostream builds from the event JSON byte for byte, and its id and signature must be valid. `--skip-signatures` skips the slowest check, and `-` reads the export from stdin.
+
 ## Tag filter scope
 
 Subscription filters support single-letter tag filters using the `#<letter>` key syntax (NIP-01). Both lowercase (`#a`–`#z`) and uppercase (`#A`–`#Z`) variants are accepted.
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index e6ef2dbf9..38db24bd4 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -91,6 +91,7 @@
     "test:performance:message-rate-limit": "k6 run test/performance/message-limiting-k6.ts",
     "cover:integration": "nyc --report-dir .coverage/integration pnpm run test:integration -p cover",
     "export": "node --env-file-if-exists=.env -r ts-node/register src/scripts/export-events.ts",
+    "strfry:verify-export": "node -r ts-node/register src/scripts/verify-strfry-export.ts",
     "docker:compose:start": "pnpm run cli -- start",
     "docker:compose:stop": "pnpm run cli -- stop",
     "docker:compose:clean": "pnpm run cli -- clean",
diff --git a/src/scripts/verify-strfry-export.ts b/src/scripts/verify-strfry-export.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c4262f53c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/scripts/verify-strfry-export.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
+import fs from 'fs'
+import readline from 'readline'
+import { resolve } from 'path'
+import { Readable } from 'stream'
+
+import { Event } from '../@types/event'
+import { isEventIdValid, isEventSignatureValid } from '../utils/event'
+import { PackedEventFields, PackedEventView, serializePackedEvent, toPackedEventFields } from '../utils/strfry'
+
+type VerifyCliOptions = {
+  filePath: string
+  checkSignatures: boolean
+  showHelp: boolean
+}
+
+export type VerifyStats = {
+  checked: number
+  failed: number
+}
+
+const MAX_REPORTED_FAILURES = 20
+const PROGRESS_INTERVAL = 100_000
+
+const printUsage = (): void => {
+  console.log(`Usage: pnpm strfry:verify-export <file|-> [--skip-signatures]
+
+Checks every event in a \`strfry export --fried\` dump against nostream's packed event
+decoder, plus its id and signature. Use - to read from stdin.`)
+}
+
+export const parseCliArgs = (args: string[]): VerifyCliOptions => {
+  if (args.includes('--help') || args.includes('-h')) {
+    return { filePath: '', checkSignatures: true, showHelp: true }
+  }
+
+  let filePath: string | undefined
+  let checkSignatures = true
+
+  for (const arg of args) {
+    if (arg === '--skip-signatures') {
+      checkSignatures = false
+      continue
+    }
+
+    if (arg.startsWith('-') && arg !== '-') {
+      throw new Error(`Unknown option: ${arg}`)
+    }
+
+    if (filePath) {
+      throw new Error(`Unexpected extra argument: ${arg}`)
+    }
+
+    filePath = arg
+  }
+
+  if (!filePath) {
+    throw new Error('Missing path to a strfry export (use - to read stdin)')
+  }
+
+  return { filePath, checkSignatures, showHelp: false }
+}
+
+const findFirstDifference = (a: Buffer, b: Buffer): number => {
+  const length = Math.min(a.length, b.length)
+  for (let i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+    if (a[i] !== b[i]) {
+      return i
+    }
+  }
+
+  return length
+}
+
+const describeTagMismatch = (decoded: PackedEventView, expected: PackedEventFields): string | undefined => {
+  const tags = decoded.tags()
+  if (tags.length !== expected.tags.length) {
+    return `Decoded ${tags.length} tags, expected ${expected.tags.length}`
+  }
+
+  const index = tags.findIndex(
+    (tag, i) => tag.name !== expected.tags[i].name || !tag.value.equals(expected.tags[i].value),
+  )
+
+  return index === -1 ? undefined : `Decoded tag ${index} differs`
+}
+
+// Returns why the line fails, or undefined if it passes.
+export const verifyFriedLine = async (line: string, checkSignatures: boolean): Promise<string | undefined> => {
+  let parsed: unknown
+  try {
+    parsed = JSON.parse(line)
+  } catch {
+    return 'Not valid JSON'
+  }
+
+  if (typeof parsed !== 'object' || parsed === null || Array.isArray(parsed)) {
+    return 'Not a JSON object'
+  }
+
+  const { fried, ...rest } = parsed as Record<string, unknown>
+  if (typeof fried !== 'string') {
+    return 'No "fried" field, export with strfry export --fried'
+  }
+
+  if (fried.length % 2 !== 0 || !/^[0-9a-f]*$/.test(fried)) {
+    return 'The "fried" field is not lowercase hex'
+  }
+
+  const event = rest as unknown as Event
+  const record = Buffer.from(fried, 'hex')
+
+  try {
+    const expected = toPackedEventFields(event)
+    const built = serializePackedEvent(expected)
+    if (!built.equals(record)) {
+      return `Packed record differs from strfry's at byte ${findFirstDifference(built, record)}`
+    }
+
+    const decoded = new PackedEventView(record)
+    if (!decoded.id.equals(expected.id)) {
+      return 'Decoded id differs'
+    }
+    if (!decoded.pubkey.equals(expected.pubkey)) {
+      return 'Decoded pubkey differs'
+    }
+    if (decoded.createdAt !== expected.createdAt) {
+      return 'Decoded created_at differs'
+    }
+    if (decoded.kind !== expected.kind) {
+      return 'Decoded kind differs'
+    }
+    if (decoded.expiration !== expected.expiration) {
+      return 'Decoded expiration differs'
+    }
+
+    const tagMismatch = describeTagMismatch(decoded, expected)
+    if (tagMismatch) {
+      return tagMismatch
+    }
+
+    if (!(await isEventIdValid(event))) {
+      return 'Id does not match the event hash'
+    }
+    if (checkSignatures && !(await isEventSignatureValid(event))) {
+      return 'Invalid signature'
+    }
+  } catch (error) {
+    return error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)
+  }
+
+  return undefined
+}
+
+export const verifyFriedExport = async (
+  input: Readable,
+  checkSignatures: boolean,
+  onFailure: (lineNumber: number, reason: string) => void,
+  onProgress?: (stats: VerifyStats) => void,
+): Promise<VerifyStats> => {
+  const stats: VerifyStats = { checked: 0, failed: 0 }
+  const lines = readline.createInterface({ input, crlfDelay: Infinity })
+  let lineNumber = 0
+
+  for await (const line of lines) {
+    lineNumber++
+    if (!line.trim()) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    stats.checked++
+    const reason = await verifyFriedLine(line, checkSignatures)
+    if (reason) {
+      stats.failed++
+      onFailure(lineNumber, reason)
+    }
+
+    if (onProgress && stats.checked % PROGRESS_INTERVAL === 0) {
+      onProgress(stats)
+    }
+  }
+
+  return stats
+}
+
+export const runVerifyStrfryExport = async (args: string[] = process.argv.slice(2)): Promise<number> => {
+  const options = parseCliArgs(args)
+  if (options.showHelp) {
+    printUsage()
+    return 0
+  }
+
+  const input = options.filePath === '-' ? process.stdin : fs.createReadStream(resolve(options.filePath))
+  let reported = 0
+
+  const stats = await verifyFriedExport(
+    input,
+    options.checkSignatures,
+    (lineNumber, reason) => {
+      if (reported < MAX_REPORTED_FAILURES) {
+        reported++
+        console.error(`line ${lineNumber}: ${reason}`)
+      }
+    },
+    (progress) => console.log(`Checked ${progress.checked.toLocaleString('en-US')} events...`),
+  )
+
+  if (stats.checked === 0) {
+    console.error('No events found in the export.')
+    return 1
+  }
+
+  const notes = [
+    ...(options.checkSignatures ? [] : ['signatures skipped']),
+    ...(stats.failed > MAX_REPORTED_FAILURES ? [`first ${MAX_REPORTED_FAILURES} failures listed`] : []),
+  ]
+  const suffix = notes.length ? ` (${notes.join(', ')})` : ''
+  console.log(
+    `Checked ${stats.checked.toLocaleString('en-US')} events, ${stats.failed.toLocaleString('en-US')} failed${suffix}.`,
+  )
+
+  return stats.failed === 0 ? 0 : 1
+}
+
+if (require.main === module) {
+  runVerifyStrfryExport()
+    .then((code) => {
+      process.exitCode = code
+    })
+    .catch((error) => {
+      console.error('Verification failed:', error.message)
+      process.exit(1)
+    })
+}
diff --git a/src/utils/strfry.ts b/src/utils/strfry.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bbcd63d97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/utils/strfry.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+import { Event } from '../@types/event'
+
+// strfry's packed event layout (PackedEvent.h), integers little-endian:
+//   0 id (32) | 32 pubkey (32) | 64 created_at (8) | 72 kind (8) | 80 expiration (8)
+//   88 tags: name (1), length (1), value
+export const PACKED_EVENT_HEADER_SIZE = 88
+
+const MAX_PACKED_TAG_VALUE_SIZE = 255
+const MAX_UINT64 = 0xffff_ffff_ffff_ffffn
+const MIN_EXPIRATION = 100n
+const EPHEMERAL_EXPIRATION = 1n
+
+export interface PackedTag {
+  name: string
+  value: Buffer
+}
+
+// Throws instead of rounding above 2^53.
+const readUInt53 = (buffer: Buffer, offset: number): number => {
+  const high = buffer.readUInt32LE(offset + 4)
+  if (high > 0x1f_ffff) {
+    throw new RangeError(`Packed event value at byte ${offset} is above 2^53`)
+  }
+
+  return buffer.readUInt32LE(offset) + high * 0x1_0000_0000
+}
+
+export class PackedEventView {
+  public constructor(private readonly buffer: Buffer) {
+    if (buffer.length < PACKED_EVENT_HEADER_SIZE) {
+      throw new Error(`Packed event is ${buffer.length} bytes, expected at least ${PACKED_EVENT_HEADER_SIZE}`)
+    }
+  }
+
+  public get id(): Buffer {
+    return this.buffer.subarray(0, 32)
+  }
+
+  public get pubkey(): Buffer {
+    return this.buffer.subarray(32, 64)
+  }
+
+  public get createdAt(): number {
+    return readUInt53(this.buffer, 64)
+  }
+
+  public get kind(): number {
+    return readUInt53(this.buffer, 72)
+  }
+
+  // 0 = never expires, 1 = ephemeral
+  public get expiration(): bigint {
+    return this.buffer.readBigUInt64LE(80)
+  }
+
+  public tags(): PackedTag[] {
+    const tags: PackedTag[] = []
+    let offset = PACKED_EVENT_HEADER_SIZE
+
+    while (offset < this.buffer.length) {
+      if (offset + 2 > this.buffer.length) {
+        throw new Error(`Packed event ends inside a tag header at byte ${offset}`)
+      }
+
+      const end = offset + 2 + this.buffer[offset + 1]
+      if (end > this.buffer.length) {
+        throw new Error(`Packed event tag at byte ${offset} runs past the end of the record`)
+      }
+
+      tags.push({ name: String.fromCharCode(this.buffer[offset]), value: this.buffer.subarray(offset + 2, end) })
+      offset = end
+    }
+
+    return tags
+  }
+}
+
+// Kind ranges from strfry's EventUtils.h.
+const isReplaceableKind = (kind: number): boolean =>
+  kind === 0 || kind === 3 || kind === 41 || (kind >= 10000 && kind < 20000)
+
+const isParameterizedReplaceableKind = (kind: number): boolean => kind >= 30000 && kind < 40000
+
+const isEphemeralKind = (kind: number): boolean => kind >= 20000 && kind < 30000
+
+// Like hoytech::from_hex: optional 0x prefix, any case, even length only.
+const fromHex = (input: unknown): Buffer => {
+  if (typeof input !== 'string') {
+    throw new Error(`Expected a hex string, got ${typeof input}`)
+  }
+
+  const hex = input.startsWith('0x') ? input.slice(2) : input
+
+  if (hex.length % 2 !== 0 || !/^[0-9a-f]*$/i.test(hex)) {
+    throw new Error(`Invalid hex: ${input}`)
+  }
+
+  return Buffer.from(hex, 'hex')
+}
+
+const parseExpiration = (value: string): bigint => {
+  const expiration = /^\d+$/.test(value) ? BigInt(value) : -1n
+  if (expiration < MIN_EXPIRATION || expiration > MAX_UINT64) {
+    throw new Error(`Invalid expiration tag: ${value}`)
+  }
+
+  return expiration
+}
+
+const isUInt53 = (value: unknown): value is number => Number.isSafeInteger(value) && (value as number) >= 0
+
+export interface PackedEventFields {
+  id: Buffer
+  pubkey: Buffer
+  createdAt: number
+  kind: number
+  expiration: bigint
+  tags: PackedTag[]
+}
+
+// Mirrors nostrJsonToPackedEvent in strfry's events.cpp.
+export const toPackedEventFields = (event: Event): PackedEventFields => {
+  const id = fromHex(event.id)
+  const pubkey = fromHex(event.pubkey)
+  if (id.length !== 32 || pubkey.length !== 32) {
+    throw new Error('Event id and pubkey must be 32 bytes')
+  }
+
+  if (!isUInt53(event.created_at) || !isUInt53(event.kind)) {
+    throw new Error('Event created_at and kind must be non-negative integers')
+  }
+
+  if (!Array.isArray(event.tags)) {
+    throw new Error('Event tags must be an array')
+  }
+
+  const tags: PackedTag[] = []
+  let expiration = 0n
+
+  // strfry adds an empty d tag, first for replaceable kinds and last for parameterized ones.
+  if (isReplaceableKind(event.kind)) {
+    tags.push({ name: 'd', value: Buffer.alloc(0) })
+  }
+
+  for (const tag of event.tags) {
+    if (!Array.isArray(tag) || tag.length < 1 || typeof tag[0] !== 'string') {
+      throw new Error('Every tag needs a name')
+    }
+
+    const name = tag[0]
+    const value = tag.length >= 2 ? tag[1] : ''
+    if (typeof value !== 'string') {
+      throw new Error(`Tag ${name} has a non-string value`)
+    }
+
+    if (Buffer.byteLength(name) === 1) {
+      let packed: Buffer
+      if (name === 'e' || name === 'p') {
+        // Length is checked before decoding, so "0x" + 62 hex chars packs to 31 bytes.
+        if (Buffer.byteLength(value) !== 64) {
+          throw new Error(`Tag ${name} must be 64 hex characters`)
+        }
+        packed = fromHex(value)
+      } else {
+        packed = Buffer.from(value)
+      }
+
+      if (packed.length <= MAX_PACKED_TAG_VALUE_SIZE) {
+        tags.push({ name, value: packed })
+      }
+    } else if (name === 'expiration' && expiration === 0n) {
+      expiration = parseExpiration(value)
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (isParameterizedReplaceableKind(event.kind)) {
+    tags.push({ name: 'd', value: Buffer.alloc(0) })
+  }
+
+  if (isEphemeralKind(event.kind)) {
+    expiration = EPHEMERAL_EXPIRATION
+  }
+
+  return { id, pubkey, createdAt: event.created_at, kind: event.kind, expiration, tags }
+}
+
+export const serializePackedEvent = (fields: PackedEventFields): Buffer => {
+  if (fields.id.length !== 32 || fields.pubkey.length !== 32) {
+    throw new Error('Event id and pubkey must be 32 bytes')
+  }
+
+  const header = Buffer.alloc(PACKED_EVENT_HEADER_SIZE)
+  fields.id.copy(header, 0)
+  fields.pubkey.copy(header, 32)
+  header.writeBigUInt64LE(BigInt(fields.createdAt), 64)
+  header.writeBigUInt64LE(BigInt(fields.kind), 72)
+  header.writeBigUInt64LE(fields.expiration, 80)
+
+  const tags = fields.tags.map(({ name, value }) => {
+    if (Buffer.byteLength(name) !== 1 || value.length > MAX_PACKED_TAG_VALUE_SIZE) {
+      throw new Error(`Tag ${name} cannot be packed`)
+    }
+
+    return Buffer.concat([Buffer.from([name.charCodeAt(0), value.length]), value])
+  })
+
+  return Buffer.concat([header, ...tags])
+}
diff --git a/test/unit/data/strfry-fried.jsonl b/test/unit/data/strfry-fried.jsonl
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..80e9a36c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/unit/data/strfry-fried.jsonl
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+{"content":"old event","created_at":1600000000,"id":"721b61ef1825b5d0f82cf59c1c132df71b36a47b9d4eb07e51b7b908b46c0be2","kind":1,"pubkey":"acd484e2f0c7f65309ad178a9f559abde09796974c57e714c35f110dfc27ccbe","sig":"97e7f27b427a74d2efb675312d30a55f88e3c22514663e6035f244e5cd09220660cf6f1c9b44e4485a6fda06c588524c6903e0dbd8beabfdbf50182fd4250301","tags":[],"fried":"721b61ef1825b5d0f82cf59c1c132df71b36a47b9d4eb07e51b7b908b46c0be2acd484e2f0c7f65309ad178a9f559abde09796974c57e714c35f110dfc27ccbe00105e5f0000000001000000000000000000000000000000"}
+{"content":"hello world","created_at":1700000000,"id":"f11fc1353e376d748fba625e6fd94caa7516d0c8c2257971105fd0cef33f936d","kind":1,"pubkey":"5cbdf0646e5db4eaa398f365f2ea7a0e3d419b7e0330e39ce92bddedcac4f9bc","sig":"e87cae150069ce503947ee198d10ef4d4795f15eb586a7e46bb19e1673fd8ba4db94f1023a57b1a1867a2c4fc0633e637b6ae7bae1a607de46faa724293ff01e","tags":[["e","f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0","wss://relay.example.com","reply"],["p","acd484e2f0c7f65309ad178a9f559abde09796974c57e714c35f110dfc27ccbe"],["t","nostr"],["subject","hi"],["client","nostream"]],"fried":"f11fc1353e376d748fba625e6fd94caa7516d0c8c2257971105fd0cef33f936d5cbdf0646e5db4eaa398f365f2ea7a0e3d419b7e0330e39ce92bddedcac4f9bc00f1536500000000010000000000000000000000000000006520f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f07020acd484e2f0c7f65309ad178a9f559abde09796974c57e714c35f110dfc27ccbe74056e6f737472"}
+{"content":"long values","created_at":1700000001,"id":"0390fd2fed7ad960a450fa26799edf80868a309c16f3c4ca7734428552cadfa4","kind":1,"pubkey":"5cbdf0646e5db4eaa398f365f2ea7a0e3d419b7e0330e39ce92bddedcac4f9bc","sig":"aeea965ec68f8da6bcdaea6bbeee0d41caeaf83d2cf497284b85459d4feb0765ab9d611ad07d1fb883ff7919d44a016eb930fd1546cedcc2fc973d38b6caf337","tags":[["t","aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"],["r","bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb"],["x","cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc"]],"fried":"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"}
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+{"content":"last addressable kind","created_at":1700000013,"id":"7de7905952ac662496b9436d85ed3727e8858569e5430b9ef8e8aae5f415d3c4","kind":39999,"pubkey":"acd484e2f0c7f65309ad178a9f559abde09796974c57e714c35f110dfc27ccbe","sig":"042925db0221865de633bbc08847875b5d8b36880a4e746202d1f8d5377a077d29a04a28d3942dfc5ff95534db1e9d1dcff890799869b77c325e84331cc89860","tags":[["d","edge"]],"fried":"7de7905952ac662496b9436d85ed3727e8858569e5430b9ef8e8aae5f415d3c4acd484e2f0c7f65309ad178a9f559abde09796974c57e714c35f110dfc27ccbe0df15365000000003f9c00000000000000000000000000006404656467656400"}
+{"content":"kind 40000","created_at":1700000014,"id":"4d7584cf4067743ca4fc9fcfae88ab6d09ff9c6bbcb2e343a935921b092ab24d","kind":40000,"pubkey":"5cbdf0646e5db4eaa398f365f2ea7a0e3d419b7e0330e39ce92bddedcac4f9bc","sig":"64053ca9533677a83a5a06b6fd812fc39299bbc6282f7e1f5a7fce1ac7215a30bc9a5121e9da22cd749b6db7640706cc58a61dd22f624fd58e790e1b6d1d807c","tags":[["d","not-addressable"]],"fried":"4d7584cf4067743ca4fc9fcfae88ab6d09ff9c6bbcb2e343a935921b092ab24d5cbdf0646e5db4eaa398f365f2ea7a0e3d419b7e0330e39ce92bddedcac4f9bc0ef1536500000000409c0000000000000000000000000000640f6e6f742d6164647265737361626c65"}
+{"content":"ephemeral","created_at":1700000015,"id":"b85ef1b9d8c7d9ca5a760fc76522bfb39f5d555ec5fdff01fc06ffe713fee59d","kind":20001,"pubkey":"5cbdf0646e5db4eaa398f365f2ea7a0e3d419b7e0330e39ce92bddedcac4f9bc","sig":"9102f8b113dc6d3e3b8efa959dd37880c766859b87e31151c60949c7a0153d62576959226796b55fa10944c10fa7eeec7c9812b79b56d17f68b0bc53c05bfa80","tags":[["expiration","4102444800"]],"fried":"b85ef1b9d8c7d9ca5a760fc76522bfb39f5d555ec5fdff01fc06ffe713fee59d5cbdf0646e5db4eaa398f365f2ea7a0e3d419b7e0330e39ce92bddedcac4f9bc0ff1536500000000214e0000000000000100000000000000"}
+{"content":"last ephemeral kind","created_at":1700000016,"id":"16e50d54701992bb085a2f37738603c3e4cd3e4182bba706b9edda51c3c06f4a","kind":29999,"pubkey":"acd484e2f0c7f65309ad178a9f559abde09796974c57e714c35f110dfc27ccbe","sig":"24a3f47e94f0ce38d5476a5faaf406d20dfc56603e34c1fad7c1258a871b0519ce9ad7fbe1d1cc8313d3981ac2e90d72e318a0126fa75b4b1633cd1a9abb8205","tags":[],"fried":"16e50d54701992bb085a2f37738603c3e4cd3e4182bba706b9edda51c3c06f4aacd484e2f0c7f65309ad178a9f559abde09796974c57e714c35f110dfc27ccbe10f15365000000002f750000000000000100000000000000"}
+{"content":"deleting nothing","created_at":1700000017,"id":"465f7b82a0e48b0148e0c5f623ddcf74b8d5ce43d8d0cdbf2d481ad2027a9fff","kind":5,"pubkey":"5cbdf0646e5db4eaa398f365f2ea7a0e3d419b7e0330e39ce92bddedcac4f9bc","sig":"aa6af809d3db2d8a1076885544515bae595b9f1ea74ea532a8624b562ca401f292c49ab73c8df965376c95a2c4002d042bab47e349d6380b30b1e34c61a3bc29","tags":[["e","e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1"],["a","30023:5cbdf0646e5db4eaa398f365f2ea7a0e3d419b7e0330e39ce92bddedcac4f9bc:nonexistent"]],"fried":"465f7b82a0e48b0148e0c5f623ddcf74b8d5ce43d8d0cdbf2d481ad2027a9fff5cbdf0646e5db4eaa398f365f2ea7a0e3d419b7e0330e39ce92bddedcac4f9bc11f1536500000000050000000000000000000000000000006520e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1615233303032333a356362646630363436653564623465616133393866333635663265613761306533643431396237653033333065333963653932626464656463616334663962633a6e6f6e6578697374656e74"}
+{"content":"uppercase hex p tag","created_at":1700000018,"id":"2554ea301bcf4938582c89e6f6d78a593b5444a2bbcf6fd98d319fc6ebb2f888","kind":1,"pubkey":"acd484e2f0c7f65309ad178a9f559abde09796974c57e714c35f110dfc27ccbe","sig":"62ea24e9b0e44e822d280db0ac1476e9d5738ba06cb064011ea32bc29869343b6b9bbd167d29f401ebea19f9c5713559addae6391d51f302e3dc27caa6d4e6af","tags":[["p","5CBDF0646E5DB4EAA398F365F2EA7A0E3D419B7E0330E39CE92BDDEDCAC4F9BC"]],"fried":"2554ea301bcf4938582c89e6f6d78a593b5444a2bbcf6fd98d319fc6ebb2f888acd484e2f0c7f65309ad178a9f559abde09796974c57e714c35f110dfc27ccbe12f15365000000000100000000000000000000000000000070205cbdf0646e5db4eaa398f365f2ea7a0e3d419b7e0330e39ce92bddedcac4f9bc"}
+{"content":"prefixed hex e tag","created_at":1700000019,"id":"c1942a618b1c197268c58f8c2e2f552d1701973705a071ecaabf1045441d8967","kind":1,"pubkey":"acd484e2f0c7f65309ad178a9f559abde09796974c57e714c35f110dfc27ccbe","sig":"74bfa80d45876a577dbbca4e442a3077c41ce16e0f33c569ac6da1d7fc98285eeae28f998eef2fb36ccda4451b69aa7414a3a5b906475af33d42eaa1b1600c12","tags":[["e","0xababababababababababababababababababababababababababababababab"]],"fried":"c1942a618b1c197268c58f8c2e2f552d1701973705a071ecaabf1045441d8967acd484e2f0c7f65309ad178a9f559abde09796974c57e714c35f110dfc27ccbe13f153650000000001000000000000000000000000000000651fababababababababababababababababababababababababababababababab"}
+{"content":"geohash and address tags","created_at":1700000020,"id":"4aa779e939f00ef6de2047dc90323abc6ed6fb674c61b93a06a9aadaa40dbfb0","kind":1,"pubkey":"5cbdf0646e5db4eaa398f365f2ea7a0e3d419b7e0330e39ce92bddedcac4f9bc","sig":"0d13aeea059716cd418787ed4ffb23ff5cdf472be70053510fc30228575a1f6475b1c1c1d55bff1e5c9c056a035d837a080f4c08d5a5fb3031a2f6d3302da6d2","tags":[["g","u4pruydqqvj"],["a","30023:acd484e2f0c7f65309ad178a9f559abde09796974c57e714c35f110dfc27ccbe:x"],["k","1"]],"fried":"4aa779e939f00ef6de2047dc90323abc6ed6fb674c61b93a06a9aadaa40dbfb05cbdf0646e5db4eaa398f365f2ea7a0e3d419b7e0330e39ce92bddedcac4f9bc14f153650000000001000000000000000000000000000000670b753470727579647171766a614833303032333a616364343834653266306337663635333039616431373861396635353961626465303937393639373463353765373134633335663131306466633237636362653a786b0131"}
+{"content":"gift wrap","created_at":1700000021,"id":"dd8d1ad667680e739d8dea832eed5a72cdef7d312db1cec4e28058d3afbfd20d","kind":1059,"pubkey":"acd484e2f0c7f65309ad178a9f559abde09796974c57e714c35f110dfc27ccbe","sig":"a7026e92df529d30e68bda1fd83f9038bb918be1bab7add21323e08f6be239fb42893430ba415e34f745a009e968f9b1f41e88f380bce6eeb554c08e4999b658","tags":[["p","5cbdf0646e5db4eaa398f365f2ea7a0e3d419b7e0330e39ce92bddedcac4f9bc"]],"fried":"dd8d1ad667680e739d8dea832eed5a72cdef7d312db1cec4e28058d3afbfd20dacd484e2f0c7f65309ad178a9f559abde09796974c57e714c35f110dfc27ccbe15f15365000000002304000000000000000000000000000070205cbdf0646e5db4eaa398f365f2ea7a0e3d419b7e0330e39ce92bddedcac4f9bc"}
+{"content":"+","created_at":1700000022,"id":"bfc1a4c74045280f7e4576befa215cd253d71919a38807ad011e071c48e34e23","kind":7,"pubkey":"5cbdf0646e5db4eaa398f365f2ea7a0e3d419b7e0330e39ce92bddedcac4f9bc","sig":"d67ab56523825734b8a106c4cbbf593b6d70708f009dc2609d03294f732c3f22cae36966a97421f850f3029a4e2306e31de5b0b80777231e85f2a24063e02917","tags":[["e","f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0"],["p","acd484e2f0c7f65309ad178a9f559abde09796974c57e714c35f110dfc27ccbe"],["k","1"]],"fried":"bfc1a4c74045280f7e4576befa215cd253d71919a38807ad011e071c48e34e235cbdf0646e5db4eaa398f365f2ea7a0e3d419b7e0330e39ce92bddedcac4f9bc16f1536500000000070000000000000000000000000000006520f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f07020acd484e2f0c7f65309ad178a9f559abde09796974c57e714c35f110dfc27ccbe6b0131"}
+{"content":"far future event","created_at":4102444800,"id":"8cf2acbd5edfab85bc6a9e4ac3a8e5ce74148b2717a90c6b89a9e125727db408","kind":1,"pubkey":"5cbdf0646e5db4eaa398f365f2ea7a0e3d419b7e0330e39ce92bddedcac4f9bc","sig":"5eab47dc0897e66058b87b6bbefe8ae1ad5c6f8c5c4711bcd57b346cdd3f408e3ed99f88c0ff663bb42aca8e146ef89b55177f41c6d0a4ca4e4e4064e6d34734","tags":[],"fried":"8cf2acbd5edfab85bc6a9e4ac3a8e5ce74148b2717a90c6b89a9e125727db4085cbdf0646e5db4eaa398f365f2ea7a0e3d419b7e0330e39ce92bddedcac4f9bc005786f40000000001000000000000000000000000000000"}
diff --git a/test/unit/scripts/verify-strfry-export.spec.ts b/test/unit/scripts/verify-strfry-export.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..49890ab3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/unit/scripts/verify-strfry-export.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+import { expect } from 'chai'
+import fs from 'fs'
+import os from 'os'
+import path from 'path'
+import Sinon from 'sinon'
+import { Readable } from 'stream'
+
+import { getPublicKey, identifyEvent, signEvent } from '../../../src/utils/event'
+import {
+  parseCliArgs,
+  runVerifyStrfryExport,
+  verifyFriedExport,
+  verifyFriedLine,
+} from '../../../src/scripts/verify-strfry-export'
+import { PackedEventView, serializePackedEvent, toPackedEventFields } from '../../../src/utils/strfry'
+import { Event } from '../../../src/@types/event'
+
+const PRIVKEY = '0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003'
+
+const createEvent = async (overrides: Partial<Record<keyof Event, unknown>> = {}): Promise<Event> => {
+  const pubkey = getPublicKey(PRIVKEY)
+  const unsigned = await identifyEvent({
+    pubkey,
+    created_at: 1700000000,
+    kind: 1,
+    tags: [
+      ['t', 'nostr'],
+      ['p', pubkey],
+    ],
+    content: 'hello',
+    ...overrides,
+  } as any)
+
+  return signEvent(PRIVKEY)(unsigned as any)
+}
+
+// Same format as a strfry export --fried line.
+const toFriedLine = (event: Event, fried: Buffer = serializePackedEvent(toPackedEventFields(event))): string => {
+  const { content, created_at, id, kind, pubkey, sig, tags } = event
+  const json = JSON.stringify({ content, created_at, id, kind, pubkey, sig, tags })
+
+  return `${json.slice(0, -1)},"fried":"${fried.toString('hex')}"}`
+}
+
+describe('verify-strfry-export', () => {
+  let event: Event
+
+  before(async () => {
+    event = await createEvent()
+  })
+
+  describe('parseCliArgs', () => {
+    it('reads a file path and checks signatures by default', () => {
+      expect(parseCliArgs(['export.jsonl'])).to.deep.equal({
+        filePath: 'export.jsonl',
+        checkSignatures: true,
+        showHelp: false,
+      })
+    })
+
+    it('accepts - for stdin and --skip-signatures', () => {
+      expect(parseCliArgs(['--skip-signatures', '-'])).to.deep.equal({
+        filePath: '-',
+        checkSignatures: false,
+        showHelp: false,
+      })
+    })
+
+    it('returns help mode for --help', () => {
+      expect(parseCliArgs(['--help']).showHelp).to.equal(true)
+    })
+
+    it('rejects bad arguments', () => {
+      expect(() => parseCliArgs([])).to.throw('Missing path to a strfry export')
+      expect(() => parseCliArgs(['--fried', 'a.jsonl'])).to.throw('Unknown option: --fried')
+      expect(() => parseCliArgs(['a.jsonl', 'b.jsonl'])).to.throw('Unexpected extra argument: b.jsonl')
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('verifyFriedLine', () => {
+    afterEach(() => {
+      Sinon.restore()
+    })
+
+    it('accepts a line whose packed record matches the event', async () => {
+      expect(await verifyFriedLine(toFriedLine(event), true)).to.equal(undefined)
+    })
+
+    it('accepts replaceable, parameterized and ephemeral events', async () => {
+      for (const kind of [0, 30023, 20001]) {
+        const other = await createEvent({ kind, tags: [['d', 'slug']] })
+
+        expect(await verifyFriedLine(toFriedLine(other), true), String(kind)).to.equal(undefined)
+      }
+    })
+
+    it('reports lines that are not a fried export', async () => {
+      expect(await verifyFriedLine('{', true)).to.equal('Not valid JSON')
+      for (const line of ['null', '42', '"text"', '[]']) {
+        expect(await verifyFriedLine(line, true), line).to.equal('Not a JSON object')
+      }
+      expect(await verifyFriedLine(JSON.stringify(event), true)).to.equal(
+        'No "fried" field, export with strfry export --fried',
+      )
+      expect(await verifyFriedLine(toFriedLine(event).replace(/"fried":"[0-9a-f]/, '"fried":"Z'), true)).to.equal(
+        'The "fried" field is not lowercase hex',
+      )
+    })
+
+    it('reports the first byte where the packed record differs', async () => {
+      const fried = serializePackedEvent(toPackedEventFields(event))
+      fried[72] ^= 0xff
+
+      expect(await verifyFriedLine(toFriedLine(event, fried), true)).to.equal(
+        "Packed record differs from strfry's at byte 72",
+      )
+    })
+
+    it('reports a packed record that is missing a tag', async () => {
+      const fields = toPackedEventFields(event)
+      const fried = serializePackedEvent({ ...fields, tags: fields.tags.slice(1) })
+
+      expect(await verifyFriedLine(toFriedLine(event, fried), true)).to.equal(
+        "Packed record differs from strfry's at byte 88",
+      )
+    })
+
+    it('accepts an expiration above 2^53', async () => {
+      const expiring = await createEvent({ tags: [['expiration', '18446744073709551615']] })
+
+      expect(await verifyFriedLine(toFriedLine(expiring), true)).to.equal(undefined)
+    })
+
+    it('catches a decoded expiration that is off by one above 2^53', async () => {
+      const expiring = await createEvent({ tags: [['expiration', '18446744073709551615']] })
+      Sinon.stub(PackedEventView.prototype, 'expiration').get(() => 18446744073709551614n)
+
+      expect(await verifyFriedLine(toFriedLine(expiring), true)).to.equal('Decoded expiration differs')
+    })
+
+    it('reports a decoder that disagrees with the record', async () => {
+      const kind = Sinon.stub(PackedEventView.prototype, 'kind').get(() => 7)
+      expect(await verifyFriedLine(toFriedLine(event), true)).to.equal('Decoded kind differs')
+      kind.restore()
+
+      Sinon.stub(PackedEventView.prototype, 'tags').returns([])
+      expect(await verifyFriedLine(toFriedLine(event), true)).to.equal('Decoded 0 tags, expected 2')
+    })
+
+    it('reports events nostream cannot pack', async () => {
+      const broken = { ...event, tags: [['e', 'not-hex']] } as Event
+
+      expect(await verifyFriedLine(toFriedLine(broken, Buffer.alloc(88)), true)).to.equal(
+        'Tag e must be 64 hex characters',
+      )
+    })
+
+    it('reports an id that does not match the event', async () => {
+      const edited = { ...event, content: 'edited' }
+
+      expect(await verifyFriedLine(toFriedLine(edited), true)).to.equal('Id does not match the event hash')
+    })
+
+    it('checks signatures unless told to skip them', async () => {
+      const forged = { ...event, sig: '00'.repeat(64) }
+
+      expect(await verifyFriedLine(toFriedLine(forged), true)).to.equal('Invalid signature')
+      expect(await verifyFriedLine(toFriedLine(forged), false)).to.equal(undefined)
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('verifyFriedExport', () => {
+    it('checks every line, skips blank ones and reports failures by line number', async () => {
+      const input = Readable.from([`${toFriedLine(event)}\n\n`, '{\n', `${toFriedLine(event)}\n`])
+      const failures: [number, string][] = []
+
+      const stats = await verifyFriedExport(input, true, (lineNumber, reason) => failures.push([lineNumber, reason]))
+
+      expect(stats).to.deep.equal({ checked: 3, failed: 1 })
+      expect(failures).to.deep.equal([[3, 'Not valid JSON']])
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('a real strfry export', () => {
+    // Exported from strfry 1.1.2-148-g4cd3cf6 (strfry import, then strfry export --fried).
+    it('matches every packed record strfry wrote', async () => {
+      const input = fs.createReadStream(path.join(__dirname, '../data/strfry-fried.jsonl'))
+      const failures: [number, string][] = []
+
+      const stats = await verifyFriedExport(input, true, (lineNumber, reason) => failures.push([lineNumber, reason]))
+
+      expect(failures).to.deep.equal([])
+      expect(stats).to.deep.equal({ checked: 25, failed: 0 })
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('runVerifyStrfryExport', () => {
+    let directory: string
+
+    beforeEach(() => {
+      directory = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'nostream-strfry-verify-'))
+      Sinon.stub(console, 'log')
+      Sinon.stub(console, 'error')
+    })
+
+    afterEach(() => {
+      Sinon.restore()
+      fs.rmSync(directory, { recursive: true, force: true })
+    })
+
+    it('exits with 0 when every event checks out', async () => {
+      const filePath = path.join(directory, 'export.jsonl')
+      fs.writeFileSync(filePath, `${toFriedLine(event)}\n`)
+
+      expect(await runVerifyStrfryExport([filePath])).to.equal(0)
+    })
+
+    it('exits with 1 when the export has no events', async () => {
+      const filePath = path.join(directory, 'empty.jsonl')
+      fs.writeFileSync(filePath, '\n')
+
+      expect(await runVerifyStrfryExport([filePath])).to.equal(1)
+      expect((console.error as Sinon.SinonStub).calledWith('No events found in the export.')).to.equal(true)
+    })
+
+    it('says when it lists only the first failures', async () => {
+      const filePath = path.join(directory, 'export.jsonl')
+      fs.writeFileSync(filePath, '{\n'.repeat(21))
+
+      expect(await runVerifyStrfryExport([filePath])).to.equal(1)
+      expect((console.error as Sinon.SinonStub).callCount).to.equal(20)
+      expect(
+        (console.log as Sinon.SinonStub).calledWith('Checked 21 events, 21 failed (first 20 failures listed).'),
+      ).to.equal(true)
+    })
+
+    it('exits with 1 and names the failing line when one does not', async () => {
+      const filePath = path.join(directory, 'export.jsonl')
+      fs.writeFileSync(filePath, `${toFriedLine(event)}\n${toFriedLine({ ...event, content: 'edited' })}\n`)
+
+      expect(await runVerifyStrfryExport([filePath])).to.equal(1)
+      expect((console.error as Sinon.SinonStub).calledWith('line 2: Id does not match the event hash')).to.equal(true)
+    })
+  })
+})
diff --git a/test/unit/utils/strfry.spec.ts b/test/unit/utils/strfry.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2b0c48b40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/unit/utils/strfry.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,340 @@
+import { expect } from 'chai'
+
+import {
+  PACKED_EVENT_HEADER_SIZE,
+  PackedEventView,
+  serializePackedEvent,
+  toPackedEventFields,
+} from '../../../src/utils/strfry'
+import { Event } from '../../../src/@types/event'
+
+const ID = Buffer.alloc(32, 0x11)
+const PUBKEY = Buffer.alloc(32, 0x22)
+const E_TAG = 'ab'.repeat(32)
+const P_TAG = 'cd'.repeat(32)
+
+const u64 = (value: bigint): Buffer => {
+  const buffer = Buffer.alloc(8)
+  buffer.writeBigUInt64LE(value)
+  return buffer
+}
+
+const tag = (name: string, value: Buffer | string): Buffer => {
+  const bytes = Buffer.isBuffer(value) ? value : Buffer.from(value)
+  return Buffer.concat([Buffer.from([name.charCodeAt(0), bytes.length]), bytes])
+}
+
+const record = (createdAt: bigint, kind: bigint, expiration: bigint, ...tags: Buffer[]): Buffer =>
+  Buffer.concat([ID, PUBKEY, u64(createdAt), u64(kind), u64(expiration), ...tags])
+
+// Loose type so tests can use kinds and tags that Event doesn't allow.
+type EventOverrides = Partial<Record<keyof Event, unknown>>
+
+const event = (overrides: EventOverrides = {}): Event =>
+  ({
+    id: ID.toString('hex'),
+    pubkey: PUBKEY.toString('hex'),
+    created_at: 1700000000,
+    kind: 1,
+    tags: [],
+    content: '',
+    sig: '00'.repeat(64),
+    ...overrides,
+  }) as Event
+
+const packedTags = (overrides: EventOverrides) =>
+  toPackedEventFields(event(overrides)).tags.map(({ name, value }) => [name, value.toString()])
+
+describe('strfry packed events', () => {
+  describe('PackedEventView', () => {
+    it('reads the header fields', () => {
+      const view = new PackedEventView(record(1700000000n, 30023n, 1800000000n))
+
+      expect(view.id.equals(ID)).to.equal(true)
+      expect(view.pubkey.equals(PUBKEY)).to.equal(true)
+      expect(view.createdAt).to.equal(1700000000)
+      expect(view.kind).to.equal(30023)
+      expect(view.expiration).to.equal(1800000000n)
+    })
+
+    it('reads values that do not fit in 32 bits', () => {
+      const view = new PackedEventView(record(0x1f_ffff_ffff_ffffn, 0x100_0000_0000n, 0x1_0000_0005n))
+
+      expect(view.createdAt).to.equal(Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER)
+      expect(view.kind).to.equal(0x100_0000_0000)
+      expect(view.expiration).to.equal(0x1_0000_0005n)
+    })
+
+    it('reads expiration exactly across the whole 64-bit range', () => {
+      for (const expiration of [0x20_0000_0000_0001n, 0xffff_ffff_ffff_ffffn]) {
+        expect(new PackedEventView(record(1n, 1n, expiration)).expiration).to.equal(expiration)
+      }
+    })
+
+    it('throws instead of rounding a created_at or kind above 2^53', () => {
+      expect(() => new PackedEventView(record(0x20_0000_0000_0000n, 1n, 0n)).createdAt).to.throw(
+        RangeError,
+        'Packed event value at byte 64 is above 2^53',
+      )
+      expect(() => new PackedEventView(record(1n, 0x20_0000_0000_0000n, 0n)).kind).to.throw(
+        RangeError,
+        'Packed event value at byte 72 is above 2^53',
+      )
+    })
+
+    it('reads tags in order, including empty and binary values', () => {
+      const binary = Buffer.from(E_TAG, 'hex')
+      const long = Buffer.alloc(255, 0x61)
+      const view = new PackedEventView(
+        record(1n, 1n, 0n, tag('e', binary), tag('t', 'nostr'), tag('d', ''), tag('r', long)),
+      )
+
+      expect(view.tags()).to.deep.equal([
+        { name: 'e', value: binary },
+        { name: 't', value: Buffer.from('nostr') },
+        { name: 'd', value: Buffer.alloc(0) },
+        { name: 'r', value: long },
+      ])
+    })
+
+    it('returns no tags for a record without any', () => {
+      expect(new PackedEventView(record(1n, 1n, 0n)).tags()).to.deep.equal([])
+    })
+
+    it('rejects a record shorter than the header', () => {
+      expect(() => new PackedEventView(Buffer.alloc(PACKED_EVENT_HEADER_SIZE - 1))).to.throw(
+        'Packed event is 87 bytes, expected at least 88',
+      )
+    })
+
+    it('rejects a record that ends inside a tag header', () => {
+      const view = new PackedEventView(Buffer.concat([record(1n, 1n, 0n), Buffer.from([0x74])]))
+
+      expect(() => view.tags()).to.throw('Packed event ends inside a tag header at byte 88')
+    })
+
+    it('rejects a tag value that runs past the end of the record', () => {
+      const view = new PackedEventView(Buffer.concat([record(1n, 1n, 0n), Buffer.from([0x74, 5, 0x61, 0x62])]))
+
+      expect(() => view.tags()).to.throw('Packed event tag at byte 88 runs past the end of the record')
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('toPackedEventFields', () => {
+    it('keeps single-letter tags in order and drops longer names', () => {
+      expect(
+        packedTags({
+          tags: [
+            ['t', 'nostr'],
+            ['subject', 'hi'],
+            ['r', 'wss://relay.example.com'],
+            ['client', 'nostream'],
+          ],
+        }),
+      ).to.deep.equal([
+        ['t', 'nostr'],
+        ['r', 'wss://relay.example.com'],
+      ])
+    })
+
+    it('packs e and p values as 32 raw bytes', () => {
+      const { tags } = toPackedEventFields(
+        event({
+          tags: [
+            ['e', E_TAG],
+            ['p', P_TAG, 'wss://relay.example.com'],
+          ],
+        }),
+      )
+
+      expect(tags).to.deep.equal([
+        { name: 'e', value: Buffer.from(E_TAG, 'hex') },
+        { name: 'p', value: Buffer.from(P_TAG, 'hex') },
+      ])
+    })
+
+    it('packs a tag that has only a name as an empty value', () => {
+      expect(packedTags({ tags: [['t']] })).to.deep.equal([['t', '']])
+    })
+
+    it('skips values longer than 255 bytes, counting UTF-8 bytes', () => {
+      expect(
+        packedTags({
+          tags: [
+            ['t', 'a'.repeat(255)],
+            ['t', 'a'.repeat(256)],
+            ['t', 'é'.repeat(127)],
+            ['t', 'é'.repeat(128)],
+          ],
+        }),
+      ).to.deep.equal([
+        ['t', 'a'.repeat(255)],
+        ['t', 'é'.repeat(127)],
+      ])
+    })
+
+    it('drops a one-character name that takes more than one byte', () => {
+      expect(packedTags({ tags: [['é', 'x']] })).to.deep.equal([])
+    })
+
+    it('puts an empty d tag first for replaceable kinds', () => {
+      for (const kind of [0, 3, 41, 10000, 10002, 19999]) {
+        expect(packedTags({ kind, tags: [['t', 'x']] })).to.deep.equal([
+          ['d', ''],
+          ['t', 'x'],
+        ])
+      }
+    })
+
+    it('puts an empty d tag last for parameterized replaceable kinds', () => {
+      for (const kind of [30000, 30023, 39999]) {
+        expect(packedTags({ kind, tags: [['d', 'slug']] })).to.deep.equal([
+          ['d', 'slug'],
+          ['d', ''],
+        ])
+      }
+    })
+
+    it('adds no d tag for other kinds', () => {
+      for (const kind of [1, 40, 9999, 20000, 29999, 40000]) {
+        expect(packedTags({ kind })).to.deep.equal([])
+      }
+    })
+
+    it('uses the first expiration tag and ignores later ones', () => {
+      const fields = toPackedEventFields(
+        event({
+          tags: [
+            ['expiration', '1800000000'],
+            ['expiration', 'later'],
+          ],
+        }),
+      )
+
+      expect(fields.expiration).to.equal(1800000000n)
+      expect(fields.tags).to.deep.equal([])
+    })
+
+    it('marks ephemeral events with expiration 1', () => {
+      expect(toPackedEventFields(event({ kind: 20001, tags: [['expiration', '1800000000']] })).expiration).to.equal(1n)
+      expect(toPackedEventFields(event({ kind: 29999 })).expiration).to.equal(1n)
+    })
+
+    it('leaves expiration at 0 when there is no expiration tag', () => {
+      expect(toPackedEventFields(event()).expiration).to.equal(0n)
+    })
+
+    it('rejects expiration values strfry refuses', () => {
+      for (const value of ['99', '0', '', 'soon', '-5', '1.5', '18446744073709551616']) {
+        expect(() => toPackedEventFields(event({ tags: [['expiration', value]] })), value).to.throw(
+          'Invalid expiration tag',
+        )
+      }
+    })
+
+    it('accepts the largest 64-bit expiration', () => {
+      const fields = toPackedEventFields(event({ tags: [['expiration', '18446744073709551615']] }))
+
+      expect(fields.expiration).to.equal(0xffff_ffff_ffff_ffffn)
+    })
+
+    it('decodes e and p values the way strfry does, prefix and upper case included', () => {
+      const { tags } = toPackedEventFields(
+        event({
+          tags: [
+            ['e', `0x${'ab'.repeat(31)}`],
+            ['p', P_TAG.toUpperCase()],
+          ],
+        }),
+      )
+
+      expect(tags[0].value).to.deep.equal(Buffer.from('ab'.repeat(31), 'hex'))
+      expect(tags[1].value).to.deep.equal(Buffer.from(P_TAG, 'hex'))
+    })
+
+    it('rejects events strfry could not have packed', () => {
+      const invalid: EventOverrides[] = [
+        { id: 'zz'.repeat(32) },
+        { pubkey: 'ab'.repeat(31) },
+        { created_at: -1 },
+        { created_at: 1.5 },
+        { kind: Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER + 1 },
+        { tags: 'none' },
+        { tags: [[]] },
+        { tags: [['t', 1]] },
+        { tags: [['e', 'ab'.repeat(31)]] },
+        { tags: [['p', `${'ab'.repeat(31)}zz`]] },
+      ]
+
+      for (const overrides of invalid) {
+        expect(() => toPackedEventFields(event(overrides)), JSON.stringify(overrides)).to.throw()
+      }
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('serializePackedEvent', () => {
+    it("lays the record out like strfry's PackedEventBuilder", () => {
+      const fields = toPackedEventFields(
+        event({
+          kind: 30023,
+          tags: [
+            ['d', 'slug'],
+            ['e', E_TAG],
+            ['expiration', '1800000000'],
+          ],
+        }),
+      )
+
+      expect(serializePackedEvent(fields)).to.deep.equal(
+        record(1700000000n, 30023n, 1800000000n, tag('d', 'slug'), tag('e', Buffer.from(E_TAG, 'hex')), tag('d', '')),
+      )
+    })
+
+    it('reads back the same fields', () => {
+      const fields = toPackedEventFields(
+        event({
+          kind: 10002,
+          tags: [
+            ['r', 'wss://relay.example.com'],
+            ['p', P_TAG],
+          ],
+        }),
+      )
+      const view = new PackedEventView(serializePackedEvent(fields))
+
+      expect(view.id).to.deep.equal(fields.id)
+      expect(view.pubkey).to.deep.equal(fields.pubkey)
+      expect(view.createdAt).to.equal(fields.createdAt)
+      expect(view.kind).to.equal(fields.kind)
+      expect(view.expiration).to.equal(fields.expiration)
+      expect(view.tags()).to.deep.equal(fields.tags)
+    })
+
+    it('round-trips an expiration above 2^53', () => {
+      for (const expiration of ['9007199254740993', '18446744073709551615']) {
+        const fields = toPackedEventFields(event({ tags: [['expiration', expiration]] }))
+
+        expect(new PackedEventView(serializePackedEvent(fields)).expiration).to.equal(BigInt(expiration))
+      }
+    })
+
+    it('rejects an id or pubkey that is not 32 bytes', () => {
+      const fields = toPackedEventFields(event())
+
+      expect(() => serializePackedEvent({ ...fields, id: Buffer.alloc(31) })).to.throw(
+        'Event id and pubkey must be 32 bytes',
+      )
+    })
+
+    it('rejects tags that do not fit the format', () => {
+      const fields = toPackedEventFields(event())
+
+      expect(() => serializePackedEvent({ ...fields, tags: [{ name: 't', value: Buffer.alloc(256) }] })).to.throw(
+        'Tag t cannot be packed',
+      )
+      expect(() => serializePackedEvent({ ...fields, tags: [{ name: 'tt', value: Buffer.alloc(1) }] })).to.throw(
+        'Tag tt cannot be packed',
+      )
+    })
+  })
+})