diff --git a/src/node_file-inl.h b/src/node_file-inl.h
index ebd97c1c8c52..e8b78d91192c 100644
--- a/src/node_file-inl.h
+++ b/src/node_file-inl.h
@@ -27,6 +27,19 @@ void FSContinuationData::MaybeSetFirstPath(const std::string& path) {
   }
 }
 
+bool FSContinuationData::IsRepeatedEnoentRetry(const std::string& path) const {
+  return has_last_enoent_retry_path_ && last_enoent_retry_path_ == path;
+}
+
+void FSContinuationData::SetLastEnoentRetryPath(const std::string& path) {
+  last_enoent_retry_path_ = path;
+  has_last_enoent_retry_path_ = true;
+}
+
+void FSContinuationData::ClearLastEnoentRetryPath() {
+  has_last_enoent_retry_path_ = false;
+}
+
 std::string FSContinuationData::PopPath() {
   CHECK(!paths_.empty());
   std::string path = std::move(paths_.back());
diff --git a/src/node_file.cc b/src/node_file.cc
index a95cd5eba149..29d1d21d6fce 100644
--- a/src/node_file.cc
+++ b/src/node_file.cc
@@ -1951,6 +1951,7 @@ int MKDirpSync(uv_loop_t* loop,
         // Note: uv_fs_req_cleanup in terminal paths will be called by
         // ~FSReqWrapSync():
         case 0:
+          req_wrap->continuation_data()->ClearLastEnoentRetryPath();
           req_wrap->continuation_data()->MaybeSetFirstPath(next_path);
           if (req_wrap->continuation_data()->paths().empty()) {
             return 0;
@@ -1966,6 +1967,15 @@ int MKDirpSync(uv_loop_t* loop,
           std::string dirname =
               next_path.substr(0, next_path.find_last_of(kPathSeparator));
           if (dirname != next_path) {
+            if (req_wrap->continuation_data()->IsRepeatedEnoentRetry(
+                    next_path)) {
+              // Retrying this exact path made no progress last time: the
+              // parent exists but mkdir() still can't create this path
+              // (e.g. under /proc), or a racing process keeps removing and
+              // recreating the parent. Fail instead of looping forever.
+              return err;
+            }
+            req_wrap->continuation_data()->SetLastEnoentRetryPath(next_path);
             req_wrap->continuation_data()->PushPath(std::move(next_path));
             req_wrap->continuation_data()->PushPath(std::move(dirname));
           } else if (req_wrap->continuation_data()->paths().empty()) {
@@ -2022,6 +2032,7 @@ int MKDirpAsync(
             // Note: uv_fs_req_cleanup in terminal paths will be called by
             // FSReqAfterScope::~FSReqAfterScope()
             case 0: {
+              req_wrap->continuation_data()->ClearLastEnoentRetryPath();
               if (req_wrap->continuation_data()->paths().empty()) {
                 req_wrap->continuation_data()->MaybeSetFirstPath(path);
                 req_wrap->continuation_data()->Done(0);
@@ -2047,6 +2058,13 @@ int MKDirpAsync(
               std::string dirname =
                   path.substr(0, path.find_last_of(kPathSeparator));
               if (dirname != path) {
+                if (req_wrap->continuation_data()->IsRepeatedEnoentRetry(
+                        path)) {
+                  // See the matching comment in MKDirpSync().
+                  req_wrap->continuation_data()->Done(err);
+                  break;
+                }
+                req_wrap->continuation_data()->SetLastEnoentRetryPath(path);
                 req_wrap->continuation_data()->PushPath(path);
                 req_wrap->continuation_data()->PushPath(std::move(dirname));
               } else if (req_wrap->continuation_data()->paths().empty()) {
diff --git a/src/node_file.h b/src/node_file.h
index fab01a4c17b8..96ef7c825d13 100644
--- a/src/node_file.h
+++ b/src/node_file.h
@@ -114,6 +114,14 @@ class FSContinuationData : public MemoryRetainer {
   inline std::string PopPath();
   // Used by mkdirp to track the first path created:
   inline void MaybeSetFirstPath(const std::string& path);
+  // Used by mkdirp to detect and stop an unbounded ENOENT retry loop: a
+  // filesystem can keep returning ENOENT for a path whose parent already
+  // exists (e.g. procfs), or a racing process can keep removing/recreating
+  // a parent directory. Either way, retrying the same path a second time
+  // with no successful mkdir() in between cannot make progress.
+  inline bool IsRepeatedEnoentRetry(const std::string& path) const;
+  inline void SetLastEnoentRetryPath(const std::string& path);
+  inline void ClearLastEnoentRetryPath();
   inline void Done(int result);
 
   int mode() const { return mode_; }
@@ -130,6 +138,8 @@ class FSContinuationData : public MemoryRetainer {
   int mode_;
   std::vector<std::string> paths_;
   std::string first_path_;
+  std::string last_enoent_retry_path_;
+  bool has_last_enoent_retry_path_ = false;
 };
 
 class FSReqBase : public ReqWrap<uv_fs_t> {
diff --git a/test/parallel/test-fs-mkdir-recursive-proc-enoent.js b/test/parallel/test-fs-mkdir-recursive-proc-enoent.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..3cb9ea7dd63b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/parallel/test-fs-mkdir-recursive-proc-enoent.js
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+'use strict';
+
+const common = require('../common');
+
+if (!common.isLinux)
+  common.skip('this regression is specific to procfs, which only exists on Linux');
+
+// Regression test for https://github.com/nodejs/node/issues/66268.
+//
+// mkdir(path, { recursive: true }) walks up the path creating missing
+// parent directories whenever mkdir() fails with ENOENT. procfs returns
+// ENOENT for names it will never let you create even though the parent
+// directory (/proc) already exists, which used to make the walk retry the
+// same path forever instead of failing.
+
+const assert = require('assert');
+const fs = require('fs');
+
+function unwritableProcPath() {
+  return `/proc/node-test-mkdirp-${process.pid}-${Date.now()}`;
+}
+
+{
+  const target = unwritableProcPath();
+  assert.throws(() => {
+    fs.mkdirSync(target, { recursive: true });
+  }, { code: 'ENOENT' });
+}
+
+{
+  const target = unwritableProcPath();
+  fs.mkdir(target, { recursive: true }, common.mustCall((err) => {
+    assert.strictEqual(err.code, 'ENOENT');
+  }));
+}
+
+{
+  const target = unwritableProcPath();
+  assert.rejects(
+    fs.promises.mkdir(target, { recursive: true }),
+    { code: 'ENOENT' },
+  ).then(common.mustCall());
+}