diff --git a/ext/intl/intl_error.c b/ext/intl/intl_error.c
index eab1b7478155..cfc16ff2ecba 100644
--- a/ext/intl/intl_error.c
+++ b/ext/intl/intl_error.c
@@ -91,13 +91,18 @@ void intl_error_set_custom_msg( intl_error* err, const char* msg)
 		return;
 	}
 
-	zend_string *method_or_func = get_active_function_or_method_name();
-	zend_string *prefixed_message = zend_string_concat3(
-		ZSTR_VAL(method_or_func), ZSTR_LEN(method_or_func),
-		ZEND_STRL("(): "),
-		msg, strlen(msg)
-	);
-	zend_string_release_ex(method_or_func, false);
+	zend_string *prefixed_message;
+	if (zend_is_executing()) {
+		zend_string *method_or_func = get_active_function_or_method_name();
+		prefixed_message = zend_string_concat3(
+				ZSTR_VAL(method_or_func), ZSTR_LEN(method_or_func),
+				ZEND_STRL("(): "),
+				msg, strlen(msg)
+		);
+		zend_string_release_ex(method_or_func, false);
+	} else {
+		prefixed_message = zend_string_init(msg, strlen(msg), false);
+	}
 
 	if( !err ) {
 		if (INTL_G(error_level)) {
diff --git a/ext/intl/tests/uconverter_shutdown_subclass.phpt b/ext/intl/tests/uconverter_shutdown_subclass.phpt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..09c231a99e9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/intl/tests/uconverter_shutdown_subclass.phpt
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+--TEST--
+UConverter subclass destroyed at request shutdown does not crash
+--EXTENSIONS--
+intl
+--FILE--
+<?php
+class MyConverter extends UConverter {
+    public function toUCallback($reason, $source, $codeUnits, &$error): string|int|array|null {
+        return '?';
+    }
+
+    public function fromUCallback($reason, $source, $codePoint, &$error): string|int|array|null {
+        return '?';
+    }
+}
+
+$converter = new MyConverter('ascii', 'utf-8');
+echo 'end of script', PHP_EOL;
+?>
+--EXPECT--
+end of script
diff --git a/ext/opcache/config.w32 b/ext/opcache/config.w32
index 1ad346b4da31..cd22b363db0b 100644
--- a/ext/opcache/config.w32
+++ b/ext/opcache/config.w32
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ ZEND_EXTENSION('opcache', "\
 	shared_alloc_win32.c", false);
 
 ADD_EXTENSION_DEP('opcache', 'date');
-ADD_EXTENSION_DEP('opcache', 'hash');
 ADD_EXTENSION_DEP('opcache', 'pcre');
 
 if (PHP_OPCACHE_JIT == "yes") {
diff --git a/ext/openssl/openssl.c b/ext/openssl/openssl.c
index 5ea2a7737434..3fcb34e9b801 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/openssl.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/openssl.c
@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@
 #include "ext/standard/file.h"
 #include "ext/standard/info.h"
 #include "ext/standard/php_fopen_wrappers.h"
-#include "ext/standard/base64.h"
 #ifdef PHP_WIN32
 # include "win32/winutil.h"
 #endif
@@ -1733,7 +1732,7 @@ PHP_FUNCTION(openssl_pkcs12_export_to_file)
 
 	/* parse extra config from args array, promote this to an extra function */
 	if (args &&
-		(item = zend_hash_str_find(Z_ARRVAL_P(args), "friendly_name", sizeof("friendly_name")-1)) != NULL &&
+		(item = zend_hash_str_find(Z_ARRVAL_P(args), ZEND_STRL("friendly_name"))) != NULL &&
 		Z_TYPE_P(item) == IS_STRING
 	) {
 		friendly_name = Z_STRVAL_P(item);
@@ -1743,7 +1742,7 @@ PHP_FUNCTION(openssl_pkcs12_export_to_file)
 	   friendly_caname
 	*/
 
-	if (args && (item = zend_hash_str_find(Z_ARRVAL_P(args), "extracerts", sizeof("extracerts")-1)) != NULL) {
+	if (args && (item = zend_hash_str_find(Z_ARRVAL_P(args), ZEND_STRL("extracerts"))) != NULL) {
 		ca = php_openssl_array_to_X509_sk(item, 5, "extracerts");
 		if (!ca) {
 			goto cleanup;
@@ -1833,13 +1832,13 @@ PHP_FUNCTION(openssl_pkcs12_export)
 
 	/* parse extra config from args array, promote this to an extra function */
 	if (args &&
-		(item = zend_hash_str_find(Z_ARRVAL_P(args), "friendly_name", sizeof("friendly_name")-1)) != NULL &&
+		(item = zend_hash_str_find(Z_ARRVAL_P(args), ZEND_STRL("friendly_name"))) != NULL &&
 		Z_TYPE_P(item) == IS_STRING
 	) {
 		friendly_name = Z_STRVAL_P(item);
 	}
 
-	if (args && (item = zend_hash_str_find(Z_ARRVAL_P(args), "extracerts", sizeof("extracerts")-1)) != NULL) {
+	if (args && (item = zend_hash_str_find(Z_ARRVAL_P(args), ZEND_STRL("extracerts"))) != NULL) {
 		ca = php_openssl_array_to_X509_sk(item, 5, "extracerts");
 		if (!ca) {
 			goto cleanup;
@@ -2450,7 +2449,7 @@ PHP_FUNCTION(openssl_pkey_new)
 	if (args && Z_TYPE_P(args) == IS_ARRAY) {
 		EVP_PKEY *pkey;
 
-		if ((data = zend_hash_str_find(Z_ARRVAL_P(args), "rsa", sizeof("rsa")-1)) != NULL &&
+		if ((data = zend_hash_str_find(Z_ARRVAL_P(args), ZEND_STRL("rsa"))) != NULL &&
 			Z_TYPE_P(data) == IS_ARRAY) {
 			pkey = php_openssl_pkey_init_rsa(data);
 			if (!pkey) {
@@ -2458,7 +2457,7 @@ PHP_FUNCTION(openssl_pkey_new)
 			}
 			php_openssl_pkey_object_init(return_value, pkey, /* is_private */ true);
 			return;
-		} else if ((data = zend_hash_str_find(Z_ARRVAL_P(args), "dsa", sizeof("dsa") - 1)) != NULL &&
+		} else if ((data = zend_hash_str_find(Z_ARRVAL_P(args), ZEND_STRL("dsa"))) != NULL &&
 			Z_TYPE_P(data) == IS_ARRAY) {
 			bool is_private;
 			pkey = php_openssl_pkey_init_dsa(data, &is_private);
@@ -2467,7 +2466,7 @@ PHP_FUNCTION(openssl_pkey_new)
 			}
 			php_openssl_pkey_object_init(return_value, pkey, is_private);
 			return;
-		} else if ((data = zend_hash_str_find(Z_ARRVAL_P(args), "dh", sizeof("dh") - 1)) != NULL &&
+		} else if ((data = zend_hash_str_find(Z_ARRVAL_P(args), ZEND_STRL("dh"))) != NULL &&
 			Z_TYPE_P(data) == IS_ARRAY) {
 			bool is_private;
 			pkey = php_openssl_pkey_init_dh(data, &is_private);
@@ -2477,7 +2476,7 @@ PHP_FUNCTION(openssl_pkey_new)
 			php_openssl_pkey_object_init(return_value, pkey, is_private);
 			return;
 #ifdef HAVE_EVP_PKEY_EC
-		} else if ((data = zend_hash_str_find(Z_ARRVAL_P(args), "ec", sizeof("ec") - 1)) != NULL &&
+		} else if ((data = zend_hash_str_find(Z_ARRVAL_P(args), ZEND_STRL("ec"))) != NULL &&
 			Z_TYPE_P(data) == IS_ARRAY) {
 			bool is_private;
 			pkey = php_openssl_pkey_init_ec(data, &is_private);
@@ -2488,19 +2487,19 @@ PHP_FUNCTION(openssl_pkey_new)
 			return;
 #endif
 #if PHP_OPENSSL_API_VERSION >= 0x30000
-		} else if ((data = zend_hash_str_find(Z_ARRVAL_P(args), "x25519", sizeof("x25519") - 1)) != NULL &&
+		} else if ((data = zend_hash_str_find(Z_ARRVAL_P(args), ZEND_STRL("x25519"))) != NULL &&
 			Z_TYPE_P(data) == IS_ARRAY) {
 			php_openssl_pkey_object_curve_25519_448(return_value, "X25519", data);
 			return;
-		} else if ((data = zend_hash_str_find(Z_ARRVAL_P(args), "ed25519", sizeof("ed25519") - 1)) != NULL &&
+		} else if ((data = zend_hash_str_find(Z_ARRVAL_P(args), ZEND_STRL("ed25519"))) != NULL &&
 			Z_TYPE_P(data) == IS_ARRAY) {
 			php_openssl_pkey_object_curve_25519_448(return_value, "ED25519", data);
 			return;
-		} else if ((data = zend_hash_str_find(Z_ARRVAL_P(args), "x448", sizeof("x448") - 1)) != NULL &&
+		} else if ((data = zend_hash_str_find(Z_ARRVAL_P(args), ZEND_STRL("x448"))) != NULL &&
 			Z_TYPE_P(data) == IS_ARRAY) {
 			php_openssl_pkey_object_curve_25519_448(return_value, "X448", data);
 			return;
-		} else if ((data = zend_hash_str_find(Z_ARRVAL_P(args), "ed448", sizeof("ed448") - 1)) != NULL &&
+		} else if ((data = zend_hash_str_find(Z_ARRVAL_P(args), ZEND_STRL("ed448"))) != NULL &&
 			Z_TYPE_P(data) == IS_ARRAY) {
 			php_openssl_pkey_object_curve_25519_448(return_value, "ED448", data);
 			return;
diff --git a/ext/pcntl/pcntl.c b/ext/pcntl/pcntl.c
index 38e6c4ae2bc3..0646e7ba043f 100644
--- a/ext/pcntl/pcntl.c
+++ b/ext/pcntl/pcntl.c
@@ -1818,7 +1818,7 @@ PHP_FUNCTION(pcntl_setcpuaffinity)
 		}
 
 		if (cpu < 0 || cpu >= maxcpus) {
-			zend_argument_value_error(2, "cpu id must be between 0 and " ZEND_ULONG_FMT " (" ZEND_LONG_FMT ")", maxcpus, cpu);
+			zend_argument_value_error(2, "cpu id must be between 0 and " ZEND_LONG_FMT " (" ZEND_LONG_FMT ")", maxcpus - 1, cpu);
 			PCNTL_CPU_DESTROY(mask);
 			RETURN_THROWS();
 		}
@@ -1925,9 +1925,10 @@ PHP_FUNCTION(pcntl_getqos_class)
 
 PHP_FUNCTION(pcntl_setqos_class)
 {
-	zend_enum_Pcntl_QosClass qos;
+	zend_enum_Pcntl_QosClass qos = ZEND_ENUM_Pcntl_QosClass_Default;
 
-	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(1, 1)
+	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(0, 1)
+		Z_PARAM_OPTIONAL
 		Z_PARAM_ENUM(qos, QosClass_ce)
 	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();
 
diff --git a/ext/pcntl/tests/pcntl_cpuaffinity_bound.phpt b/ext/pcntl/tests/pcntl_cpuaffinity_bound.phpt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..6b415a52c242
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/pcntl/tests/pcntl_cpuaffinity_bound.phpt
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+--TEST--
+pcntl_setcpuaffinity(): the upper bound the error advertises is itself a valid cpu id
+--EXTENSIONS--
+pcntl
+--SKIPIF--
+<?php
+if (PHP_OS_FAMILY === 'Solaris') {
+    die("skip broken pset_create()");
+}
+if (!function_exists("pcntl_setcpuaffinity")) die("skip pcntl_setcpuaffinity is not available");
+?>
+--FILE--
+<?php
+$pid = getmypid();
+$prefix = 'pcntl_setcpuaffinity(): Argument #2 ($cpu_ids) cpu id must be between 0 and ';
+
+/* read the advertised bound out of the message itself */
+try {
+    pcntl_setcpuaffinity($pid, [PHP_INT_MAX]);
+    exit("PHP_INT_MAX was accepted as a cpu id" . PHP_EOL);
+} catch (Throwable $e) {
+    echo $e::class, "\n";
+    if (!preg_match('/must be between 0 and (\d+) \(/', $e->getMessage(), $m)) {
+        exit("unexpected message: " . $e->getMessage() . PHP_EOL);
+    }
+}
+$bound = (int) $m[1];
+
+/* Every id is range checked before any syscall runs, so pairing the advertised
+   bound with an out of range id shows which of the two the check rejects,
+   without ever changing the process affinity. */
+try {
+    pcntl_setcpuaffinity($pid, [$bound, PHP_INT_MAX]);
+} catch (Throwable $e) {
+    echo $e::class, "\n";
+    var_dump($e->getMessage() === $prefix . $bound . ' (' . PHP_INT_MAX . ')');
+}
+
+/* and the first id past the bound is rejected, naming itself */
+try {
+    pcntl_setcpuaffinity($pid, [$bound + 1]);
+} catch (Throwable $e) {
+    echo $e::class, "\n";
+    var_dump($e->getMessage() === $prefix . $bound . ' (' . ($bound + 1) . ')');
+}
+?>
+--EXPECT--
+ValueError
+ValueError
+bool(true)
+ValueError
+bool(true)
diff --git a/ext/pcntl/tests/pcntl_qosclass.phpt b/ext/pcntl/tests/pcntl_qosclass.phpt
index f8ca1a706bd2..947afdb4836b 100644
--- a/ext/pcntl/tests/pcntl_qosclass.phpt
+++ b/ext/pcntl/tests/pcntl_qosclass.phpt
@@ -13,7 +13,12 @@ pcntl_setqos_class(Pcntl\QosClass::Default);
 var_dump(Pcntl\QosClass::Default === pcntl_getqos_class());
 pcntl_setqos_class(Pcntl\QosClass::Background);
 var_dump(Pcntl\QosClass::Background == pcntl_getqos_class());
+
+/* the parameter is optional, and omitting it applies the declared default */
+pcntl_setqos_class();
+var_dump(Pcntl\QosClass::Default === pcntl_getqos_class());
 ?>
 --EXPECT--
 bool(true)
 bool(true)
+bool(true)
diff --git a/ext/pdo/pdo_dbh.c b/ext/pdo/pdo_dbh.c
index 358ac81eb88f..5aa95cdccaf0 100644
--- a/ext/pdo/pdo_dbh.c
+++ b/ext/pdo/pdo_dbh.c
@@ -1597,7 +1597,7 @@ static void pdo_dbh_free_storage(zend_object *std)
 		dbh->in_txn = false;
 	}
 
-	if (dbh->is_persistent && dbh->methods && dbh->methods->persistent_shutdown) {
+	if (dbh->is_persistent && dbh->driver_data && dbh->methods && dbh->methods->persistent_shutdown) {
 		dbh->methods->persistent_shutdown(dbh);
 	}
 	zend_object_std_dtor(std);
diff --git a/ext/pdo_pgsql/tests/persistent_connection_failure.phpt b/ext/pdo_pgsql/tests/persistent_connection_failure.phpt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..7be690ae05a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/pdo_pgsql/tests/persistent_connection_failure.phpt
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+--TEST--
+PDO PgSQL failed persistent connection does not crash on object destruction
+--EXTENSIONS--
+pdo_pgsql
+--FILE--
+<?php
+
+try {
+    new Pdo\Pgsql('pgsql:host=/nonexistent', options: [
+        PDO::ATTR_PERSISTENT => true,
+    ]);
+} catch (Throwable $e) {
+    echo $e::class, ': ', $e->getMessage(), PHP_EOL;
+}
+
+echo "Failed connection object destroyed without crash\n";
+
+?>
+--EXPECTF--
+PDOException: SQLSTATE[08006] [7] %a
+Failed connection object destroyed without crash
diff --git a/ext/soap/config.m4 b/ext/soap/config.m4
index 1b25e5101ede..a3e29d927642 100644
--- a/ext/soap/config.m4
+++ b/ext/soap/config.m4
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ if test "$PHP_SOAP" != "no"; then
     PHP_SUBST([SOAP_SHARED_LIBADD])
   ])
   PHP_ADD_EXTENSION_DEP(soap, date)
-  PHP_ADD_EXTENSION_DEP(soap, hash)
   PHP_ADD_EXTENSION_DEP(soap, libxml)
   PHP_ADD_EXTENSION_DEP(soap, session, true)
 fi
diff --git a/ext/soap/config.w32 b/ext/soap/config.w32
index 7cecb8e8afed..faa346f3eec8 100644
--- a/ext/soap/config.w32
+++ b/ext/soap/config.w32
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ if (PHP_SOAP != "no") {
 		EXTENSION('soap', 'soap.c php_encoding.c php_http.c php_packet_soap.c php_schema.c php_sdl.c php_xml.c', null, "/DZEND_ENABLE_STATIC_TSRMLS_CACHE=1");
 		AC_DEFINE('HAVE_SOAP', 1, "Define to 1 if the PHP extension 'soap' is available.");
 		ADD_EXTENSION_DEP('soap', 'date');
-		ADD_EXTENSION_DEP('soap', 'hash');
 		ADD_EXTENSION_DEP('soap', 'session', true);
 
 		if (!PHP_SOAP_SHARED) {
diff --git a/sapi/cli/tests/php_cli_server_expect_100_continue_iua.phpt b/sapi/cli/tests/php_cli_server_expect_100_continue_iua.phpt
index c792630a9305..cf2a40a339a7 100644
--- a/sapi/cli/tests/php_cli_server_expect_100_continue_iua.phpt
+++ b/sapi/cli/tests/php_cli_server_expect_100_continue_iua.phpt
@@ -11,7 +11,15 @@ if (PHP_OS_FAMILY === "Windows") die("skip SO_LINGER reset behaviour differs on
 include "php_cli_server.inc";
 $server = php_cli_server_start('echo "Hello world";', 'index.php', ['-d', 'ignore_user_abort=1']);
 
-$fp = fsockopen(PHP_CLI_SERVER_HOSTNAME, PHP_CLI_SERVER_PORT);
+$fp = php_cli_server_connect();
+
+$probe = php_cli_server_connect();
+fwrite($probe, "GET / HTTP/1.1\r\nConnection: close\r\n\r\n");
+while (!feof($probe)) {
+    fgets($probe);
+}
+fclose($probe);
+
 socket_set_option(socket_import_stream($fp), SOL_SOCKET, SO_LINGER, ['l_onoff' => 1, 'l_linger' => 0]);
 fwrite($fp, "POST / HTTP/1.1\r\nExpect: 100-continue\r\nContent-Length: 4\r\n\r\n");
 fclose($fp);