[t0ms]

Problem

moq export ts --sync makes two legs of one broadcast write the same TS packets for the content both receive, but writes them to stdout. An SMPTE ST 2022-7 receiver merges RTP, not TS: it takes each datagram by sequence number from whichever leg delivers it, so the legs must send the same datagrams, headers included. Wrapping each leg in tsp -O ip --rtp aligns legs that start together, but its numbers count the datagrams that process sent, so a leg that joins later or jumps after a stall numbers every later datagram differently from its partner. And where one leg lost a group, it sends stuffing under the numbers its partner fills with programme, which a receiver may keep.

Consumer: a 1+1 contribution pair into an IRD or a 2022-7 gateway, the two legs subscribing to one broadcast through different relays or paths.

Approach

Implements quest/m2/ts-rtp-egress.md (deleted here): RTP identity is a function of the slot grid and the epoch, and of nothing a leg mints.

• moq export ts --sync --rtp IP:PORT sends the synced multiplex as RFC 2250 MP2T (payload type 33) over UDP instead of writing stdout. TsExport::with_rtp hands out one datagram per frame.
• Datagrams are cut on the grid. Each carries seven packets from an absolute timeline position that is a multiple of seven. Its sequence number is that run's index mod 2^16, its timestamp the run's position on the --sync timeline at 90 kHz mod 2^32, and its SSRC an FNV-1a hash of the broadcast path and the route's epoch. A late join, the 33-bit source wrap and a jump leave every leg on the same numbering; a replacement publisher is a new RTP stream. RFC 3550's collision resolution would split the legs, so it is not applied.
• One rule decides what a leg sends. A lane position is sure once the lane has gone past it (its next unit is planned beyond it) or its source has ended, from the first group the leg held whole since it joined or the lane last jumped. A run is sent only if every position in it is sure and it lies past the slot the leg joined or last jumped at. Lane owns that knowledge (Lane::known); a playhead skip, a marker, and a group held only in part are each a lane jump. The rest are withheld, so the partner's copy is the one that arrives.
  • The join or jump slot is withheld whole: its clock and tables flag the break where a leg laying it in turn does not. This replaces the per-position clock and table cases, and the "joined midway" and "cut by a jump" cases, which are instances of it.
  • Two things the rule cannot express stay explicit. A planned unit the jitter buffer dropped (late or leading) leaves its positions empty here and full on a leg that held it, so the grid tracks planned positions that never arrived. A sparse lane (SCTE-35, a PES-packet lane no receiver buffer models) has no cadence to wait for its next unit by, so it is known from the join without one: a unit of it lost with no later jump goes out as stuffing where the partner has it. That limit, and SI a leg missed, stay documented.
• Datagrams go out at their run's place in the slot, on the export's own clock, so legs that withhold different runs send each copy together, and a 1 Gb/s slot's 2,375 datagrams leave about 10 µs apart rather than in one burst that would overflow a socket send queue (100 Mb/s is already 312 KB a slot, over Linux's default wmem). A slot withheld whole queues its stats tally behind the datagram before it, so the stats keep pace however long a leg withholds, and moq export ts samples them on its interval whether a datagram goes out or not.
• A refused datagram is counted, not fatal. The socket is nonblocking and sent on directly, so a full queue refuses at once rather than holding up the export; the count and last error are logged once per stats interval. A receiver's ConnectionRefused is ignored.
• --rtp refuses an epochless route, at the program tables. Only moq-transport draft 17+ and the opt-in moq-lite 07 carry the epoch across a hop.

Decisions

Settled by the maintainer when taking this PR over (2026-10-22):

1. --rtp takes a plain destination, not a udp:// URL.
   • ✅ IP:PORT, parsed as a SocketAddr by std, as srt --listen and hls --listen are; port 0 refused in validate, before anything dials. A hostname is refused at parse (recommended: std's SocketAddr parsing is the whole validator, there is no DNS or address-family choice to make, and 2022-7 and multicast destinations are IP literals).
   • HOST:PORT with DNS: needs a hand-written parser to refuse a missing port before dialling, and a bind family chosen before resolving.
2. "Unsure" restated as the one positive rule above, the special cases collapsed into it. ✅
3. Delete what is not worth its cost; keep per-slot pacing and the nonblocking counted send. ✅
4. Keep tests that cover a distinct behavior; drop those whose subject was deleted. ✅

Dropped from the previous head (1248f67), net 185 lines:

• The udp:// URL parsing and every check that existed only because it was a URL (scheme, credentials, path, query, fragment, unechoed errors), its nine-case test, and the hostname resolution loop that tried each address (rtp_connect) with its test.
• Synced::sure and its four call sites; Lane keeps the first whole group since a jump instead.
• The jump and join special cases in Grid::lay (clock and table positions marked unsure) and the export's unsure.push(0) on a PCR break, plus a_jump_onto_a_repetition_leaves_its_tables_unsure.
• Tally::new/Tally::then, the per-PID count map and the fold into the last queued datagram, plus a_withheld_run_tallies_one_count_per_pid.
• rtp_legs_send_the_same_datagrams_across_the_wrap (the TS wrap test and the RTP field-wrap unit test cover it), a_replacement_publisher_is_sent_under_another_ssrc (rtp_legs_send_the_same_datagrams pins the SSRC to path and epoch, and the unit test covers another epoch), and two pacing tests merged into one.

Fixed along the way: a sparse lane started unknown until its first whole group, so a silent SCTE-35 track withheld every run touching its lane on every leg, forever. It is now known from the join.

Tests

Five unit tests in rtp.rs: a run is one datagram that names its last packet's place; no run of a join or jump slot is sent; an unsure position withholds its run, reaching back across a slot boundary; the 16- and 32-bit wraps; the SSRC's inputs, pinned. lane.rs extends a_group_held_from_its_middle_is_not_placed to Lane::known: unknown until a group held whole, known to the lane's end, past it once ended, unknown again after a group held in part.

Nine through the timing harness, each but the refusal on a route with an epoch:

• rtp_legs_send_the_same_datagrams: two legs joined apart, with different delivery skew, send byte-identical datagrams under the path's and epoch's SSRC for every sequence number both send.
• rtp_legs_that_lose_in_turn_merge_into_a_clean_leg: legs losing complementary groups (with and without a stall) send nothing a clean leg does not, and between them every datagram it sends: the 2022-7 selection.
• a_run_no_leg_can_fill_is_sent_by_neither.
• rtp_legs_send_each_run_at_its_place_in_the_slot: no instant sends more than two of a slot's datagrams, and a withholding leg sends each run it shares with a whole leg at the same instant.
• an_rtp_leg_counts_what_it_withholds: a leg that loses a stretch of video keeps its audio unit count within two of a whole leg's.
• a_stalled_teletext_lane_is_withheld: a lane a receiver buffer models follows the main rule, not the sparse exception.
• a_group_held_in_part_leaves_its_lane_unsure: an SCTE-35 group whose first section is malformed is a lane jump.
• an_ended_or_silent_sparse_lane_withholds_nothing: teletext that ends while video and audio go on, and an SCTE-35 track that never sends, withhold no run. It fails with the sparse lane started unknown.
• rtp_refuses_an_epochless_route.

Removing the skip-as-lane-jump fails three of them. moq-cli keeps export_ts_rtp_needs_sync_and_leaves_stdout (needs --sync, conflicts, leaves stdout, a missing port and port 0 refused) and an_rtp_datagram_the_socket_refuses_is_counted_not_fatal. benches/ts_schedule.rs keeps ts_rtp, which packetizes 1.6 s of output at 10 Mb/s, 100 Mb/s and 1 Gb/s with none, one in 64 or every position unsure; not re-run here, as the packetizer's per-packet work is unchanged.

Checks run on Linux, with origin/main merged in: just fix; just check's js (moq-doc), rs lint (fmt, rustdoc, clippy including wasm), quest and drill modules pass. Its nix flake check module fails in this sandbox building the GitHub runner VM image (unshare: write failed /proc/self/uid_map), unrelated to this diff, so the modules after it (ts-paths, markdown) and just rs test-changed were run by hand: both pass, and the Rust tests pass (3,668, 513 and 225 across the three nextest runs, none failed or slow). just test interop was not run: nothing here touches moq-net.

Public API and wire impact

• moq export ts: a new --rtp ADDR (IP:PORT) destination, which needs --sync and conflicts with --stitch and --passthrough. With it, nothing goes to stdout.
• moq-mux: TsExport::with_rtp. Everything else is crate-private.
• doc/bin/cli.md describes --rtp in the --sync paragraph.
• No wire or catalog change.

Settled earlier, with alternatives

• The sink: a destination on export ts, not its own sink and not a stdout framing. The headers must come from the export, and stdout is a byte stream, so a downstream sender would need the datagram boundaries back. Multicast takes the system's default TTL; no other socket option is exposed.
• No explicit SSRC. An operator-set SSRC would let an epochless route through, but would not change when the publisher does, so a receiver would take a replacement's datagrams as the old stream's.
• Passthrough is not packetized. --passthrough has no slot grid, so datagram boundaries and sequence numbers have nothing to derive from.
• Stuffing instead of withholding: a receiver keeps whichever copy arrives first, so the stuffing copy would replace the partner's programme.

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Walkthrough

The change adds synchronized MPEG-TS-over-RTP export. It tracks uncertain packet positions and emits complete seven-packet RTP datagrams with headers derived from timeline position and publisher identity. The CLI accepts a UDP destination, requires synchronization for RTP, and rejects combinations with --stitch or --passthrough. Tests cover packet completeness, matching output across synchronized legs, loss cases, timestamp wrapping, and epoch handling.

Priority: ➖ Normal

Merge Risk: 🟡 Moderate · up to 57996

After an incomplete group, synchronized legs can send different RTP datagrams for the same run. Fix the certainty handling before merging.

Pre-merge checks: 5

Check name	Status	Explanation
Title check		The title clearly identifies the main change: sending synchronized MPEG-TS legs as RTP through the new export option.
Docstring Coverage		Docstring coverage is 87.00% which is sufficient. The required threshold is 80.00%. Docstring coverage is scoped to functions touched by this diff. Analyzed 100 functions across 11 files.
Linked Issues check		Check skipped because no linked issues were found for this pull request.
Out of Scope Changes check		Check skipped because no linked issues were found for this pull request.
Description check		The pull request description accurately explains the MPEG-TS RTP egress changes, including the new --rtp option, synchronization requirements, datagram derivation, withholding behavior, pacing, error …

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Explanation

The pull request description accurately explains the MPEG-TS RTP egress changes, including the new --rtp option, synchronization requirements, datagram derivation, withholding behavior, pacing, error handling, tests, and public API impact.

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Actionable comments posted: 3

🧹 Nitpick comments: 1

doc/bin/cli.md: 1

464-480: 📐 Maintainability & Code Quality | 🔵 Trivial | 💤 Low value

Keep RTP usage details in the CLI entry point, not wire encoding details.

The new block violates the documentation guidance because it appends a paragraph and repeats wire-format details already covered by Export::with_rtp rustdoc. Fold the user-facing purpose, requirements, and limitations into the existing export ts --sync paragraph. Remove the seven-packet and header-derivation details, and link to Export::with_rtp for that information.

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Review comment at @doc/bin/cli.md around lines 464 - 480:
Fold the RTP purpose, requirements, and limitations into the existing `export ts
--sync` paragraph, removing the separate paragraph’s seven-packet and
header-derivation details. Link to `Export::with_rtp` for wire-format
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Inline comments:
Review comments at @rs/moq-cli/src/args.rs:
- Around line 369-372: Update validate’s stdout option checks to validate any
configured --rtp URL before dialing: require the udp scheme, a host, and a port,
while preserving the existing --sync requirement.

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- Around line 468-471: Update the `socket.send` handling in `run_ts` so
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Review comments at @rs/moq-mux/src/container/ts/lane.rs:
- Around line 629-631: Update the table-position condition in the lane
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repetition grid or when the slot is a jump. Preserve the existing handling for
non-jump repeated positions.

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Review comments at @doc/bin/cli.md:
- Around line 464-480: Fold the RTP purpose, requirements, and limitations into
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seven-packet and header-derivation details. Link to `Export::with_rtp` for
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- Around line 466-467: Update the complementary-loss statement near
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losses within the same run can leave both legs withholding it.

Review comments at @rs/moq-cli/src/subscribe.rs:
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🟡 Minor · Try each resolved RTP destination address. · subscribe.rs:559-560

rs/moq-cli/src/subscribe.rs:559-560
🩺 Stability & Availability | 🟡 Minor | ⚡ Quick win

Try each resolved RTP destination address.

If a hostname resolves to an unusable IPv6 address before a reachable IPv4 address, rtp_socket tries only the IPv6 address. A bind or connect error then stops the export for a valid destination. Try subsequent lookup_host addresses before returning an error. Tokio returns an iterator of resolved addresses. (docs.rs)

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Review comment at @rs/moq-cli/src/subscribe.rs around lines 559 - 560:
Update rtp_socket to try each address returned by lookup_host instead of
selecting only the first with next(); continue after bind or connect failures
and return an error only if no resolved destination succeeds.

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[t0ms]

On CodeRabbit's outside-diff comment (try each resolved RTP destination address, subscribe.rs): fixed in 2389065. rtp_socket now collects every address lookup_host returns, and rtp_connect binds and connects to each in turn, keeping the first that succeeds; it fails only once every address has, with the last error. an_rtp_destination_tries_each_address_it_resolves_to checks that an unusable address (link-local, with a scope no interface has) fails on its own, and that put ahead of a loopback address it gives way: the socket connects to the loopback one.

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🟠 Major · Bound buffered placed tracks in know. · export.rs:2613-2614

rs/moq-mux/src/container/ts/export.rs:2613-2614
🎯 Functional Correctness | 🟠 Major | ⚡ Quick win

Bound buffered placed tracks in know.

Kind::PesPacket is classified as data, but update_catalog treats data tracks with a receiver buffer as continuous. know currently gives every placed track an unbounded range. If a buffered placed track stalls, its empty future positions can be marked certain, while another leg emits PES packets there. The legs can then produce different RTP datagrams for the same identity.

Suggested fix

-			let to = (!track.kind.placed()).then(|| sync.lane.end());
+			let to = (!track.kind.placed() || track.buffer.is_some()).then(|| sync.lane.end());

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Review comment at @rs/moq-mux/src/container/ts/export.rs around lines 2613 -
2614:
Update the range calculation in `know` so placed tracks with a receiver buffer
receive a finite upper bound at `sync.lane.end()`. Preserve the existing
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[t0ms]

On CodeRabbit's outside-diff finding in review 5619120886 (bound buffered placed tracks in know): fixed in 579962d as suggested. A placed lane a receiver buffer models (DVB AC-3, teletext) is now known only up to its last planned position, as continuous media is.

a_stalled_teletext_lane_is_withheld stalls a teletext stream on one path for 1.8 s, longer than the jitter buffer waits for it, and checks that every datagram that leg sends matches the whole leg's. On the previous head it sends one that differs. A shorter stall doesn't show it, because the jitter buffer holds the whole program while it waits. The timing harness now runs on the mpegts catalog extension so it can carry the teletext track.

(Written by Claude Opus 5.5)

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Actionable comments posted: 1

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• 🪄 Fix comments: Fix CodeRabbit comments on this PR

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Inline comments:
Review comments at @rs/moq-mux/src/container/ts/export.rs:
- Around line 2647-2651: Update the Err(Unplaced::Partial) branch to clear
sync.sure before returning Ok(None), so a later complete group cannot treat
positions after an incomplete placed group as known empty.

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• rs/moq-cli/src/args.rs
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• rs/moq-mux/src/container/ts/export_timing_test.rs

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(Written by Claude Opus 5.5)

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Preserve dropped-position knowledge across generation rewinds

When a discontinuity opens generation N+1 while N still has scheduled media, fill has already planned N+1 frames, and the boundary path calls lay(None) before rewinding. know moves all of those positions into N's Grid here and clears the only per-track copy, then rewind calls Schedule::clear, whose Grid::restart discards the set. If an N+1 frame was planned but rejected as late or leading, it is never placed, so the new grid treats its positions as safely empty and can send stuffing in an RTP datagram where a clean partner sends media, defeating the 2022-7 merge; keep expectations generation-scoped through the rewind.

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Stop packetizing after completing the final run

At a clean end whose last run crosses a slot boundary, this loop calls lay for a whole 25 ms slot. Packetizer::push completes the target run and then emits every subsequent full PCR/table/stuffing run in that slot before the loop can observe that open() changed, while close only drops the final partial run. At 1 Gb/s this can send roughly 2,300 extra datagrams and keep the export alive for another slot; retain only the original trailing run once it becomes complete.

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[kixelated]

Closing this. We're removing export ts --sync in #6554, and this PR builds on it.

Why:

• Synced legs only match within one publisher epoch. They don't help the two-publisher 1+1 case, which fails over through a --stitch program switch either way.
• export ts --passthrough already emits identical bytes on every leg, so it's the natural base for 2022-7-style output.
• Without --sync, RTP egress for demuxed TS is something tsp -O ip --rtp or ffmpeg already does from stdout.

If a deployment needs an actual 2022-7 merge, the case for RTP in-process is passthrough only, with sequence numbers derived from the source packet position. Raise it with a concrete receiver and we can scope it from there.

Thanks for the work here; the analysis of what 2022-7 needs at the RTP layer was useful in deciding this.

(Written by Claude Opus 5.5)